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    Viral Structure: Chapter-1

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    Nasibullah Faizy
    Viruses have a simple structure consisting of either DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein capsid. Some viruses have an additional outer envelope. Viruses range in size from 20-300nm and have various shapes including spherical, rod-shaped, and complex geometries. The capsid is composed of protein subunits that give viruses their distinctive symmetrical shapes. Enveloped viruses acquire their envelope by budding from an infected cell's membrane. Viruses encode proteins that are involved in attachment, replication, and regulation of the viral lifecycle within a host cell.

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    Viral Structure: Chapter-1

    Uploaded by

    Nasibullah Faizy
    23 views13 pages
    Viruses have a simple structure consisting of either DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein capsid. Some viruses have an additional outer envelope. Viruses range in size from 20-300nm and have various shapes including spherical, rod-shaped, and complex geometries. The capsid is composed of protein subunits that give viruses their distinctive symmetrical shapes. Enveloped viruses acquire their envelope by budding from an infected cell's membrane. Viruses encode proteins that are involved in attachment, replication, and regulation of the viral lifecycle within a host cell.

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    All about viruses

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    viral structure-1

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    Viruses have a simple structure consisting of either DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein capsid. Some viruses have an additional outer envelope. Viruses range in size from 20-300nm and have various shapes including spherical, rod-shaped, and complex geometries. The capsid is composed of protein subunits that give viruses their distinctive symmetrical shapes. Enveloped viruses acquire their envelope by budding from an infected cell's membrane. Viruses encode proteins that are involved in attachment, replication, and regulation of the viral lifecycle within a host cell.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    23 views13 pages

    Viral Structure: Chapter-1

    Uploaded by

    Nasibullah Faizy
    Viruses have a simple structure consisting of either DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein capsid. Some viruses have an additional outer envelope. Viruses range in size from 20-300nm and have various shapes including spherical, rod-shaped, and complex geometries. The capsid is composed of protein subunits that give viruses their distinctive symmetrical shapes. Enveloped viruses acquire their envelope by budding from an infected cell's membrane. Viruses encode proteins that are involved in attachment, replication, and regulation of the viral lifecycle within a host cell.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 13

    Viral structure

    Chapter-1

    1
    I. overview
    Cellular microorganism (bacteria, fungus):
    • Unicellular or multicellular
    • Replicate independently
    • Produce protein and energy
    • Can be seen by light microscope
    Acellular organisms:
    • Can not reproduce, produce energy and protein (independently)
    • Not seen by light microscope
    Viral characteristics:
    • Structure (nucleic acid + capsid + envelope)- not cellular (lack nucleus, cytoplasm, mitochondria,
    ribosome)
    • Replication side: replicate only inside cell because can not produce protein and energy (obligate
    intercellular)
    • Replication method:
    • Cells (meiosis, mitosis, binary fission)
    • Virus (hundred of new virus)
    A. Size & shape of Viruses
    Size:
    • Viruses ranges from 20 to 300 nm
    in diameter.
    • Viruses ranges in size from that of
    large proteins (20nm) to that of
    the smallest cells (300nm).
    Virus
    Sizes :
    A. Size & shape of Viruses
    Shapes:
    • Spheres or rods.
    • Bullets
    • Bricks
    The shape is determined by the arrangement of coat
    proteins.
    • Helical
    • Icosahedral
    • complex
    B. Structure of viruses
    Viruses are compose of the following structures:
    • Genome- either DNA or RNA,
    but not both.
    • Capsid – a protein coat that
    covers the genome.
    • Envelope – a lipoprotein
    envelope that is located outside
    capsid and become outer
    surface.
    • Viral proteins-
    B. Structure of viruses
    1.Viral nucleic acid or genome:
    • The genome of some viruses is DNA, whereas the genome of others is RNA.
    • These DNA and RNA genomes can be either :
    • single-stranded
    • double-stranded.
    • The genome of viruses van be:
    • Linear
    • Circular
    • Segmented (influenza virus and rotavirus)
    • All viruses have one copy of their genome (haploid), except retrovirus, which have two copies (diploid).
    • RNA genome can by either:
    • Positive sense RNA
    • Negative sense RNA
    B. Structure of viruses
    2.Viral capsid:
    • All viruses have a protein coat called a capsid that cover the genome.
    • The capsid is composed of repeating subunits called capsomeres.
    • In some viruses, the capsid is the outer surface, but in other viruses, the
    capsid is covered with a lipoprotein envelope that becomes the outer surface.
    • The structure composed of the nucleic acid genome and the capsid protein is
    called the nucleocapsid.
    Symmetry:
    • The repeating subunits of the capsid give the virus a symetric appearance that
    is useful for classification purposes.
    • spherical (icosahedral) symmetry
    • helical symmetry
    Viral symmetry

    9
    Bacteriophage T4-overview
    B. Structure of viruses
    3.Viral envelope:
    • The viral envelope consists of a membrane that contains lipid derived from the host cell and proteins
    encoded by the virus.
    • Viral type based on envelop:
    • Enveloped viruses: flexible nucleocapsid within envelop, round shape
    • Naked viruses:
    • Envelop acquisition:
    • Typically the envelope is acquired as the virus exits from the cell in a process called budding.
    • Mostly form cell membrane (exception herpes virus- nuclear membrane)
    • Viral resistance and envelop:
    • Virus with an envelope are less stable (they are more easily inactivated) than naked virus (those without an
    envelope)
    • Viral envelop and transmission:
    • In general enveloped virus are transmitted by direct contact via blood and body fluid, whereas naked viruses
    can survive longer in the environment and can be transmitted by indirect means such as the fecal-oral route.
    Enveloped virion-overview
    B. Structure of viruses
    4.Viral proteins:
    • Viral (capsid) surface proteins
    • Protect genome
    • mediate attachment to host cell receptors.
    • This interaction determines the host specificity and organ specificity of the virus.
    • act as antigens:
    • Produces protective antibodies
    • Activates cytotoxic cell
    • antibody bound to these surface proteins prevent the virus from attaching to the cell receptor.
    • This neutralize viral replication.
    • Viral internal proteins
    • Structural protein (in enveloped viruses)
    • Viral enzymes (RNA, DNA polymerase)
    • Matrix proteins (in enveloped viruses)
    • Interaction between capsid and envelop proteins
    • Teguments: regulating proteins (regulate transcription and translation)
    • Glycoproteins (spike):
    • Mediates attachment

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