Periodic Table (Add Science) Ok

The Periodic Table
 Elements are arranged orderly and

systematically in The Periodic Table
 Elements with similar chemical characteristics

are grouped together in Periodic Table
 Each vertical column is called group in the

Periodic Table.
 There are 18 groups in the Periodic Table
which are given number 1 to 18
 Each group contains elements with similar

chemical characteristics.
 Each horizontal row is called a period in The

Periodic Table.
 Each period contains elements with chemical
and physical characteristics which change
progressively from metal and non-metal.
 In the Periodic Table, elements are arrange

according to the order of their proton number
which increases horizontally.
Group Name of group
Group 1 Alkali metals
(Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr)
Group 2 Earth alkali metals
(Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra)
Group 17 Halogens
(F, Cl, Br, I, At)
Group 18 Noble gas
(He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn)
Group 3 to 12 Transition elements (metals)
 Group 1 is made up of metals which are very
reactive.
 Group 18 is made up of noble gases which

are highly in reactive.
 The elements from Group 3 to Group 12 are

called transition elements which show metal
characteristics.
 At the bottom of the Periodic Table are two
rows. The elements in the first rows are
called lanthanoids and the second row are
called the actinoids.
 The Lanthanoids Series and Actinoids Series

are parts of the transition elements.
 Proton number is the number of proton in an

atom of an elements
 Example: The proton for oxygen is 8. it
means that oxygen atom has eight protons.
Proton number
8
O Symbol of the element
Oxygen Name of the element
16 Relative atomic mass

Electron Configuration
 An atom is made of very small nucleus in the

centre and electrons outside the nucleus.
 An electron configuration indicates how the

electrons are arranged out side the nucleus
electron
nucleus
An atomic model of a lithium atom

 The first shell has maximum of two electrons.
 The second shell has a maximum of eight

electrons.
 We can use the Periodic Table to write the

electron configuration.
Element Proton Electron Number of Group
number arrangement valence number
electron
Lithium, Li 3 2.1 1 1
Sodium, Na 11 2.8.1 1 1
Magnesium, 12 2.8.2 2 2
Mg
Argon, Ar 18 2.8.8 8 8
Natural- occuring, radioactive
and synthetic elements
1. Natural- occuring elements:
carbon
oxygen
nitrogen
2. Radioactive elements :
the last elements in several groups.
all actinoids. Example: radon, astatine,
francium
3. Synthetic elements :
 elements with proton number 93 and
onwards
Elements of Group 1
1.There are 6 elements in Group 1.
2. The elements are : Lithium, Li; Sodium, Na;

Potassium, K; Rubidium, Rb; Caesium, Cs
and Francium, Fr.
Notice that their names have the ending ‘ium’,

this is because these is because these elements are metals.
a. Physical properties
 All Group 1 elements are :

metal, which is soft and shiny
conduct electricity and heat
exist in solid state at room temperature
melting points and boiling points are
lower compared to other metals.
density of metals is low.
Elements Radius/nm Relative Density/ Melting
atomic gcm3 point/ °C
mass
Lithium 0.16 6.9 0.53 181
Sodium 0.19 39.1 0.97 98
Potassium 0.24 22.9 0.86 63
Rubidium 0.25 85.47 1.53 39

Change in physical property Brief explanation
down the group
Atomic radius or atomic number of atomic shells
size of element increases increases
Melting point and boiling Atomic size increases
decrease causing the metal bond
between atoms to become
weaker
Density increases increase in atomic mass
more than the increase in
atomic radius
Electropositivity Tendency to donate
electrons to form positive ions
increases.
b. Chemical properties
elements in Group1 are very reactive.
They react vigorously with oxygen, air and
water.
Thus, elements of Group 1 need to stored
in paraffin oil or kerosene.
 All Group 1 react with water produce
metal hydroxide (an alkali) and hydrogen
gas.
 The general equation for the reaction is :
2M + 2H2O  2MOH + H2
metal water metal hydroxide
hydroxide
 Example :
The equation for the reaction of lithium
with water is :
2Li + 2H2O  2LiOH + H2

lithium water lithium hydrogen
hydroxide
c. Predicting the physical and
chemical properties of other Group 1
elements
 Rubidium and cesium are very reactive

 Francium is radioactive and very reactive
 Thus, it is difficult to study the physical and
chemical properties of these elements.
 However, we can predict their physical
and chemical properties by studying the
changes in the physical and chemical
properties of lithium, sodium and potassium.
d. The position of hydrogen in
the Periodic Table
 The electron configuration of hydrogen is 1
 So,hydrogen is in Period 1 but not in Group 1
 Pungent smell and very poisonous
 Low density
 Gas at room temperature
Elements of Group 17
 There are 5 elements in Group 17.
 It is
i) fluorine, F
ii) chlorine, Cl
iii) bromine, Br
iv) iodine, I
v) astatine, At
 All elements in Group 17 are :

a) non- metal
b) exist as simple diatomic molecules,
with chemical formula X2
Chemical Relative Physical Density/g Boiling
formula molecula state cm-3 point/ °C
r mass
Cl2 71 Gas 1.66 -34
Br2 160 Liquid 3.19 60
I2 254 Solid 3.96 185

 The molecules in Group 17 are attracted to each
other by weak force, known as Van der Waals
forces.
 The strength of these forces increases when the
molecules size increases.
 Example : the size of chlorine is smaller then
bromine and iodine. Thus, the Van der Walls
forces between chlorine molecules are weaker
compare to the bromine and iodine molecules.
b. Chemical properties
 All atom of halogens have 7 valence

electrons.
These elements do not exist naturally.
All Groups 17 elements react with :
i) water
ii) aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide
iii) a reactive metal (such as sodium)
iv) less reactive metal (such as iron)
i) The general equation for the reaction with
water is :
X
X22 ++ H O
H22O HX
HX ++ HOX
HOX
HX and HOX are acids. HOX is a bleaching

agent. Thus, they change the colour of the
universal indicator from green to initially red
and finally colourless.
ii) The general equation for the reaction with an
aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide:
X 2NaOH 
X22 ++ 2NaOH NaX
NaX ++NaOX
NaOX++H
H22O
O
NaX and NaOX are salts. NaOX is a bleaching

agent. Thus, they changes the colour of the
universal indicator from green to colourless.
iii) The general equation for the reaction of
Group 17 elements with sodium and iron are :
X 2Na
X22 ++ 2Na 2NaX
2NaX
3X 2Fe 
3X22 ++ 2Fe 2FeX
2FeX33
b. Predicting the physical and
chemical properties of other Group
17 elements
 Fluorine is the most reactive element.

Astatine is radioactive and unstable.
 The physical and chemical properties of

fluorine and astatine can be predicted by
studying the changes in the physical and
chemical properties of chlorine, bromine and
iodine.
Elements of Group 18
 These elements is known as noble gases.
 The noble gases do not need to accept,
donate or share electrons with other elements.
 Group 18 consists of:
i) helium, He
ii) argon, Ar
iii) krypton, Kr
iv) xenon, Xe
v) radon, Rn
 Group 18 elements have following physical

properties :
i) melting and boiling point are low
ii) do not conduct electric current
iii) exist as monatomic gases at room
conditions
iv) low density
Elements Atomic Boiling Density/
radius (nm) point/ °C gdm-3
He 0.05 -269 0.17
Ne 0.07 -246 0.84

Ar 0.09 -186 1.66
Kr 0.11 -152 3.45
 The atomic radius of the noble gases
increases down the group
 Uses of noble gases:
a) helium is used is meteorological
balloons and bicycle tyres of Olympic
cyclists.
b) krypton is used in flash lamps in
photography
Elements of Period 3
 The elements in Period 3 are sodium (Na),
magnesium (Mg), aluminium (Al), silicon (Si),
phosphorus (P), sulphur (S), chlorine (Cl) and
argon (Ar).
Group 1 2 13 14 15 16 17 18
Elements Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
Proton 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Number
Electron 2.8.1 2.8.2 2.8.3 2.8.4 2.8.5 2.8.6 2.8.7 2.8.8
arrangemen
t
Melting 98 649 660 1410 590 119 -101 -189
point (°C)
Nature of metal metal metal metalloid Non- Non- Non- Non-
metal metal metal metal
elements
A. Trends of changes across Period 3
 The atomic radius decreases across the
period.
 The number of valence electrons increases
across the period.
 The melting points and boiling points of the
elements increase from the left of the period
to the middle of the period and then decrease
again
B.The oxides of the elements changes from
basic to acidic and then to amphoteric
across the period
 Elements on the left of the period, which are
metals, form metal oxides. The metal oxides
are usually basic oxides.
 Basic oxides react with acids to form salts and
water.
 Example:
MgO(s) + H2SO4(aq)  MgSO4(aq) + H2O(I)
salt water
 An amphoteric oxides can react with both acids
and bases to form salts and water.
 Example:
SiO2 + 2NaOH  Na2SiO3 + H2O
Silicon salt water
dioxide
 Elements on the right of the period are non-
metal.Non- metallic oxides are acidic oxides.
 Acidic oxides react with alkali to form salts and
water.
 Example:
SO3(g) + 2NaOH(aq)  Na2SO4(aq) + H2O(i)
Sulphur salt water
trioxide
C. Uses of metalloids
 A semi-metal or metalloid is an element with

properties intermediate between those of
metals and non-metals.
Example :
 Silicon  to make microchips
 Boron  p-type semiconductor
 Arsenic  n-type semiconductor

Transition Elements of Period 4
The transition element in Period 4 are :
a) scandium (Sc) f) titanium (Ti)
b) vanadium (V) g) chromium (Cr)
c) manganese (Mn) h) iron (Fe)
d) cobalt (Co) i) nickel (Ni)
e) Copper (Cu) j) Zinc (Zn)
From left to right the density elements in Period

4 is increase, but the melting point is decrease.
Uses of transition elements
 Silver, gold and platinum  jewellary.
 Sulphur  fireworks
 Phosporus  matches
 Mercury  amalgam (mercury + silver)> it is
used in dental filling
Properties of metal, a
transition metal and non-metal
Elements Potassium Iron Bromine
Hardness Soft solid Hard solid Liquid
Melting point Low High Low
Conductivity Conductor Conductor Insulator
Reactivity Reactive Moderately Reactive

reactive

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The Periodic Table

 Elements are arranged orderly and

 Elements with similar chemical characteristics

 Each vertical column is called group in the

 Each group contains elements with similar

 Each horizontal row is called a period in The

 In the Periodic Table, elements are arrange

 Group 18 is made up of noble gases which

 The elements from Group 3 to Group 12 are

 The Lanthanoids Series and Actinoids Series

 Proton number is the number of proton in an

O Symbol of the element

Oxygen Name of the element

16 Relative atomic mass

 An atom is made of very small nucleus in the

 An electron configuration indicates how the

An atomic model of a lithium atom

 The second shell has a maximum of eight

 We can use the Periodic Table to write the

2. The elements are : Lithium, Li; Sodium, Na;

Notice that their names have the ending ‘ium’,

 All Group 1 elements are :

Lithium 0.16 6.9 0.53 181

Sodium 0.19 39.1 0.97 98

Potassium 0.24 22.9 0.86 63

Rubidium 0.25 85.47 1.53 39

2Li + 2H2O  2LiOH + H2

 Rubidium and cesium are very reactive

 All elements in Group 17 are :

Br2 160 Liquid 3.19 60

I2 254 Solid 3.96 185

 All atom of halogens have 7 valence

HX and HOX are acids. HOX is a bleaching

NaX and NaOX are salts. NaOX is a bleaching

 Fluorine is the most reactive element.

 The physical and chemical properties of

 Group 18 elements have following physical

He 0.05 -269 0.17

Ne 0.07 -246 0.84

 A semi-metal or metalloid is an element with

 Boron  p-type semiconductor

 Arsenic  n-type semiconductor

From left to right the density elements in Period

Hardness Soft solid Hard solid Liquid

Melting point Low High Low

Conductivity Conductor Conductor Insulator

Reactivity Reactive Moderately Reactive

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