MIDLANDS STATE

UNIVERSITY

DISASTER MANAGEMENT FOR SOCIAL &

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
ASPECTS

 Defination of key terms

 EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS
 DISASTER AWARENESS & CONTROL MEASURES
 EFFECTIVENESS
 DISASTER IMPACTS
 SENDAI FRAMEWORK( AGREEMENT 2015-2030)
DEFINATION OF KEY TERMS

DISASTER- This is a serious disruption of the functioning of a

society which causes widespread human, material, economic or
environmental loss which exceeds the capacity of the society to cope
with the disaster with its own resources.
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
 Is the organization of resources and responsibilities of
dealing with all humanitarian aspects of emergencies in
particular preparedness, response and recovery in order to
lessen the impact of disaster
 TYPES OF DISASTERS
MAN-MADE DISASTERS
 These are events caused by humans which occur close or in human settlements
e.g. environmental degradation, pollution, veld fires
COMPLEX EMERGENCIES
 Results from a combination of the other types of disasters e.g. man-made &
natural disaster (armed conflicts, epidemics & food insecurities
PANDEMIC EMERGENCIES
 Is an infectious diseases that has spread over a large region which occur to human
population or animal population e.g. ebola, corona virus , cholera, malaria
NATURAL DISASTER
 These are naturally occurring physical phenomena resulting from natural
processes of the earth e.g. floods, earthquakes, drought, plagues
 EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS
 It refers to the steps taken to ensure safety before , during and
after an emergency or natural disaster
 The purpose of emergency preparedness is to the capacity of
governments , institutions strengthen and communities to with
stand a disaster or emergency situation
 Emergency preparedness can b e achieved through national
legislation & policy for disaster management
EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS STEPS

BEFORE
 Prevention
 Mitigation
 Preparedness
DURING
 Response
AFTER
 Recovery
 PREVENTION
 This refers to the best ways to address a disaster before it occurs
 It is there to ensure that human action or natural phenomena do not
result in disaster or emergency
PRO ACTIVENESS
 This identifies potential hazards and devising safeguard to mitigate
their impact
 It involves putting into place permanent measure that can help
minimize disaster risk
MITIGATION
 This means to reduce severity of the human & material damage caused
by the disaster.
 Mitigation aims to minimize the loss of human life that would result
from a disaster , both structural & non structural measures may be taken.
 A structural measure means changing the physical characteristics of a
building of an environment to curb the effects of a disaster e.g. clearing
trees away from residential areas to ensure that dangerous storm don’t
knock down the trees and them crashing into homes and public
buildings.
 PREPAREDNESS
 It as an ongoing process in which individuals, communities,
businesses and organizations can plan and train for what they
will do in the event of a disaster
 It can also be defined by ongoing training , evaluation &
corrective action ensuring the highest level of readiness
 Fire drills , active-shooter drills & evacuation rehearsals are all
good examples of the preparedness stage
 RESPONSE
 This is what happens after the disaster occurs.
 It involves both short and long-term responses.
 Ideally, the disaster-management leader will coordinate the use of resources
including personnel, supplies & equipment to help restore personal &
environmental safety as well as to minimize the risk of any additional damage
 RECOVERY
 This is the last stage of disaster management, it can be sudden or long-term e.g.
New Orleans have yet to fully recover from hurricane Katrina , in the
Zimbabwean highlands in Chimanimani still has not recovered from the tragic
effects of cyclone idai.
 It involves stabilizing the area and restoring all essential community functions.
 Recovery requires prioritization, essential services like food, clean water,
utilities, transportation & healthcare will be restored
 EFFECTIVENESS
CASE STUDY OF A SCENERIO OF A DISASTER MANAGEMENT THAT
WAS A FAILURE
 In Zimbabwe , the past 2 decades have been punctuated by series of cyclones
which have left serious impact on the entire socio-economic system .
 These events can be chronicled from the 2000 cyclone Eline that caused 91
deaths, 356 injuries & destroyed 54 187 houses & resulted about 2.7 million
people being affected (Brown et Al)2012
 This was followed by cyclone Japhet in 2003, Dineo in 2017 & cyclone Idai in
2019.
 CYCLONE IDAI
 Cyclone Idai hit the country on 15 march 2019.
 Rusitu valley in Chimanimani is one of the low lying areas were cyclone Idai left a traumatic
experience its communities.
 The locals are said to have utilized a collection of their local networks, values, resources & ingenuity
in response to the disaster.
 Most parts were cut from the rest of the country for several days as roads and bridges were damaged &
communication systems were disrupted.
 The state disaster management officials & other external support only managed to access Rusitu valley
on 20 March 2019.
EFFECTS OF CYCLONE IDAI
 Loss of lives
 Damage of property
 Death of livestock
 Destruction of infrastructure & environment
 Damage of crops
 EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS MEASURES
TAKEN TOWARDS CYCLONE IDAI
 The steps taken were effective to a lesser extent as a result of the following factors:
 Poor early warning systems
 Ignorance to early warning systems
 Late rescue & search operation
 Unavailability of camps for displaced person(s)

 However the last stage of the emergency preparedness i.e. recovery towards the disaster is was met and
is currently on going .
 Food aids through donations
 Reconstruction of damaged infrastructure e.g. roads, bridges
 Disaster management officials working towards rectifying the failures in the first 4 steps to reduce
effect in the future as the area has been identified to be prone of such emergencies
DISASTER AWARENESS

 Identification of high risk areas

 Education (through media platforms)
 Strengthening of public infrastructure
 Developing disaster preparedness plans on what to do , who to call
& where to go in the event of a disaster.
 Revised zoning & land use management
 Early warning systems
Control measures

 Evacuation
 Conducting life saving missions e.g. rescue teams
 Reinforcement
 Designating facilities for emergency use
 Reducing stress related illnesses
DISASTER IMPACTS
ECONOMIC IMPACTS
Positive
 Formation of minerals
 Improved soil fertility
 Employment creation

NEGATIVE
 Infrastructure destruction
 Deterioration of buildings
 Destruction of tourist sites
 Death of a working member
 Low gross domestic product particularly cotton production
SOCIAL IMPACTS
Negative
 Loss of lives
 Health problems
 They be orphans
 Increase in number of widows
 Evacuation into new areas leads to language barriers
 Cultural dilution
 Destruction of crops
 Pressure on health facilities
 Death of livestock
 SENDAI FRAMEWORK AGREEMENT FOR
DISASTER REDUCTION 2015-2030
DEFINATION OF KEY TERMS
Disaster – severe disruption of a certain area which involves economic ,
social & environmental loses
Risk – probability of a disaster to occur
Disaster risk reduction- according to the United Nations office for disaster
risk reduction 2015 , it refers to the target to reduce damage caused by natural
disasters
Framework- a set of ideas which are put aside in order to deal with problems
Sendai framework- a set of 7 targets adopted to reduce the occurrence of
disasters
 BACKGROUND OF SENDAI
FRAMEWORK
 The sendai framework succeeded the hyogo framework for action.
 According to Olowu(2010) the Hyogo framework was adapted at the world conference by
168 governments on disaster reduction in Hyogo , Japan in January 2005.
 Its main focus was to identify vulnerable areas to disasters & find possible solutions.
 The sendai framework was adopted at the 3rd United Nations world conference on disaster
risk reduction in Sendai Miyati, Japan from14-18 March 2015
 The framework applies to the risk of both small & large scale, infrequent sudden & slow
onset disasters caused by natural or man-made hazards.
 Its objective is to guide the multi-hazard management of disaster risk in development at all
levels as well as across all sectors.
 It centers around 7 targets that were adopted and its is key to achievement of the sustainable
development goals.
 It also has 4 priorities for action
 4 PRIORITIES
 Understanding disaster risk
 Strengthening disaster risk governance to manage disaster risk
 Investing in disaster risk reduction for resilience .
 Enhancing disaster preparedness.
SEVEN GLOBAL TARGETS
 Reduce global disaster mortality
 Reduce the number of affected people globally
 Reduce direct economic loss in relation to GDP
 Reduce disaster damage to critical infrastructure disruption of basic services
 Increase in the number of countries with national reduction strategies
 Enhance international cooperation to developing countries
 Increase availability of access to multi hazard early warning systems
CONCLUSION

 Lack of resources & sound infrastructure makes the applicability of the Sendai framework
disaster risk reduction difficult e.g. early warning systems becomes ineffective without
proper equipment .
 Lack of funds.
 Lack of cooperation due to continued human hazards which lead to disasters making it
ineffective to implement the Sendai framework disaster risk reduction.
 To a greater extent the Sendai framework disaster risk reduction targets were of a failure
because of some of the reasons mentioned above.