BANGALORE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

BENGALURU-560004

PROJECT PHASE- I
2020-2021

FLYASH BASED LIGHT WEIGHT GEOPLOYMER CONCRETE

GUIDE: PROJECT PRESENTATION BY:

Mr. Sachin.TM
Batch A12
[ Assistant Professor, BIT ] Gagana JS
Naresha KR
Natiq khan
Sneha H
 CONTENTS

 INTRODUCTION
 LITERATURE REVIEW
 OBJECTIVES OF GEOPOLYMER CONCRETE
 METHODOLOGY
 MATERIALS
 EXPERIMENTS
 REFERENCES
 INTRODUCTION
GEOPOLYMER
 SOURCE MATERIAL OR
GEOLOGOICAL ORIGIN WHICH

GEO 
CONTAINS THE Si & Al
SILICON & ALUMINIUM CAN BE
OBTAINED IN FLYASH, GGBs

 IT MAKE A CHAIN MOLECULE

WITH SILICON AND ALUMINIUM
POLYMER  POLYMERISATION PROCESS
• Alternative binder system with fly-ash to produce concrete eliminating cement
is called GEOPOLYMER CONCRETE.
• Alumino – silicates are rich materials such as flyash, GGBS, red mud &
metakaolin.
• Alkalin activators like NaOH/KOH &Na2SiO3 solution.
 LITERATURE RIVIEW

1.STRENGTH PARAMETERS OF FLYASH BASED GEOPOLYMER CONCRETE

WITH GGBS

TITLE: An experimental investigation on strength parameters of fly-ash based geopolymer

concrete with GGBS

JOURNAL: International research journal of engineering and technology [IRJET] volume: 02

Issue:02 may-2015

AUTHORS: P. Vignesh, K. Vivek

ABSTRACT:
Concrete is the most abundant manmade material in the world. One of the main ingredients in a
normal concrete mixture is Portland cement. However, the production of cement is responsible for
approximately 5% of the world’s carbon dioxide emissions. In order to create a more sustainable
world, engineers and scientists must develop and put into use a green building material.
Geopolymer concrete is also much more durable that ordinary concrete due to its resistance to
corrosion. It is also much stronger than ordinary concrete. Geopolymer concrete is a revolutionary
sustainable building material that will pave the way for green building.
 In this paper an attempt is made to study strength properties of geopolymer concrete using low calcium
fly ash replacing with slag in 5 different percentages. Sodium silicate (103 kg/m3) and sodium hydroxide
of 8 molarity (41kg/m3) solutions were used as alkaline solution in all 5 different mixes. The
investigations are to be carried for the Compressive strength, Split tensile strength, Flexural strength test
on the concrete specimens. Hopefully one day in the near future geopolymer concrete will replace
ordinary Portland cement as the most abundant man-made material on earth.

INTERFERENCE:

Based on the experimental investigation the following conclusions are listed below:
• The optimum replacement level of fly ash by GGBS in GPC will be carried out.
• Water absorption property is lesser than the nominal concrete.
• Achieving strength in a short time i.e., 70% of the compressive strength in first 4 hours of setting.
Determines the different strength properties of geo-polymer concrete with percentage replacement of
GGBS.
 
2. PRODUCTION OF LIGHT WEIGHT GEOPOLYMER CONCRETE
USING ARTIFICIAL LOCAL LIGHTWEIGHT AGGREGATE

TITLE: Production of light weight geo-polymer concrete using artificial local lightweight
aggregate.

JOURNAL: Building and construction engineering department, university of technology,

Baghdad, Iraq Middle technical university, Baghdad Iraq

AUTHOR: Waleed Abbas, Wasan Khalil and Ibtesam Nasser

ABSTRACT:
Due to the rapid depletion of natural resources, the use of waste materials and by-products
from different industries of building construction has been gaining increased attention.
Geopolymer concrete based on Pozzolana is a new material that does not need the presence
of Portland cement as a binder. The main focus of this research is to produce lightweight
geopolymer concrete (LWGPC) using artificial coarse lightweight aggregate which
produced from locally available bentonite clays. In this investigation, the binder is low
calcium fly ash (FA) and the alkali activator is sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate in
different molarities.
The experimental tests including workability, fresh density, also, the compressive strength, splitting
tensile strength, flexural strength, water absorption and ultrasonic pulse velocity at the age of 7, 28 and
56 days were studied. The oven dry density and thermal conductivity at 28 days age are investigated.
The results show that it is possible to produce high strength lightweight geopolymer concrete
successfully used as insulated structural lightweight concrete. The 28-day compressive strength, tensile
strength, flexural strength, dry density, and thermal conductivity of the produced LWGPC are 35.8
MPa, 2.6MPa, 5.5 MPa, 1835kg/m3, and 0.9567 W/ (m. K), respectively.
 
INTERFERENCE:
The main findings of this research are as follows:
• LWGPC can be produced using fly ash activated by alkali activator (sodium hydroxide:
sodium silicate in a weight proportion of 1: 2.5) and locally artificial lightweight coarse
aggregate.
• The selected LWGPC mix, was containing fly ash of 500kg/m 3 with alkali activator molarity
of 16 and cured at temperature of 90˚C.
• The compressive strength of LWGPC increases with age. Its value is 32.7, 35.8, and 36.8
MPa at 7, 28, and 56 days, respectively. Whereas the percentage increases in splitting tensile
strength is 16.7 and 26% at age 28 and 56 days, respectively relative to that at 7 days age.
Also, the flexure strength increases with age. The percentage increase is 19.5 and 22% at 28
and 56 days, respectively relative to that at 7 days age.
• The produced high strength LWGPC has oven dry density and thermal conductivity of 1835
kg/m³ and 0.9567 W/ (m. K) at 28 days age, respectively.
The produced high strength LWGPC is classified as insulated structural lightweight concrete, in
addition it is an environmentally eco-friendly concrete.
 
3. STRENGTH AND DURABILITY STUDIES ON GEOPOLYMER RECYCLED
AGGREGATE CONCRETE
TITLE: Strength and durability studies on geopolymer recycled aggregate concrete.

JOURNAL: International journal and engineering and technology [2018] 370-375

AUTHOR: Saravana kumar Palaniraj

Sri Krishna College of Engineering and Technology

ABSTRACT:
This paper aims to study the engineering and durability properties of fly ash-based
geopolymer recycled aggregate concrete and the results were presented in this paper. The addition
of recycled coarse aggregate (RCA) retrieved from construction and demolition(C&D) wastes
showed promising function in construction industry as an alternative to natural aggregates. It
conserves enormous quantities of natural resources and reduces the space required for the landfill
disposal of C&D wastes. In this study an increment of 25% partial replacements by weight of
natural aggregates with recycled aggregates in geopolymer concrete up to 100% replacements
were studied. The concrete containing virgin aggregate and ordinary Portland cement was consider
as control concrete and the results of geopolymer recycled aggregate concrete (GP-RAC) were
compared with this. The fresh and mechanical properties of all the above four concrete mixes has
been investigated. Results indicated that workability of geopolymer concrete decreases than
control concrete and it took more than 24 hours to set. Geo polymer based recycled aggregate
concrete exhibits better and durability performance than ordinary recycled aggregate concrete
strength.
INTERFERENCE:

This experimental work studied the influence of recycled coarse aggregate obtained from the
demolished concrete on engineering and durability characteristics of the geopolymer recycled
aggregate concrete and the following conclusions were made.
• Reduction in the slump value with the increase in the RCA volume.
• Addition of super plasticizer and using SSD aggregates greatly reduces the excess
the excess amount of water needed.
• The compressive and tensile strength of concrete gets decreased, as the recycled
aggregate content increased.
• Geopolymer concrete attains its strength at higher rate in early stages compared to
the control concrete.
• The Geopolymer recycled aggregate concrete showed better strength characteristics
than ordinary recycled aggregate concrete.
• The absorptivity was directly proportional to replacement of natural aggregate with
recycled aggregate. GP-RAC showed better absorptivity than ordinary RAC.
4. AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON EFFECT OF PARTIAL REPLACEMENT
OF NORMAL WEIGHT AGGREGATE WITH LIGHT WEIGHT AGGREGATE
IN FLY ASH BASED GEOPOLYMER CONCRETE

TITLE: An experimental study on effect of partial replacement of normal weight aggregate with
light weight aggregate in fly ash based geopolymer concrete.

JOURNAL: Internal research journal of engineering and technology [IRJET]

AUTHOR: D.Madhu Raj, J.V.Narasimha Raju, M.Suneel

ABSTRACT:
Geopolymer concrete is being studied extensively and found as a greener alternative to Portland
cement concrete. No cement is used in geopolymers concrete, instead fly ash and alkaline
solution with a combination of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) are
used to make the binder necessary to manufacture the concrete. The high self weight of normal
concrete can be reduced by using low density concrete, which obviously reduces the size of the
sectional elements, foundation size, and thereby cost of construction. In the present study, it is
aimed to produce lightweight geopolymer concrete by partial replacement of normal weight
aggregates with 3 different types of lightweight aggregates like Pumice, LECA, and Sintagg.
 The percentage of replacement of normal weight aggregates varies from 0% to 20% in each case.
Fresh properties of lightweight geopolymer concrete are studied by conducting slump cone test.
Hardened properties of geopolymer concrete are assessed by conducting compressive strength
test, split tensile strength test and flexural strength test on specimens subjected to 7 days, 14 days,
and 28 days ambient curing.

INTERFERENCE:

• The weight of LWA GPC with Pumice, LECA, and Sintagg is low compared to that of NWA GPC.
However, there is no considerable reduction in weights.
 
• It is observed that, the workability of LWA GPC is decreased, when LWA’s are used without
soaking. However, from the test results obtained, it is noticed that the workability is improved
when the LWAs are soaked in water.
 
• Generally Pumice, LECA, and Sintagg have more water absorption compared to the natural coarse
aggregates which in turn effects the workability. To overcome this problem soaking of aggregates
is done before mixing.
 
• Pumice, LECA and Sintagg being light in weight tends to move up during compaction of GPC,
which results in non uniform surface.
 
• The maximum compressive strength of LWA GPC with Pumice, LECA, and Sintagg is observed
as 26.26 Mpa for 5%, 23.53 Mpa for 5% and 28.6 Mpa for 10% respectively at 28 days. Further
increase in LWA content decreases the compressive strength values.
 
 OBJECTIVES OF GEOPOLYMER CONCRETE

 To investigate the compressive strength & flexural strength of GPC

specimens by casting cube & prism specimens.
 The objective of investigation is to produce Geopolymer mortar using
Flyash as source material instead of cement & activated by alkaline solutions
like Sodium hydroxide & Sodium silicate under natural sunlight curing.
 To study the properties of fresh and hardened fly-ash based geopolymer
concrete.
 To determine strength and workability by adding admixtures in it.
METHODOLOGY
LITERATURE REVIEW
↓
MATERIALS USED
↓
MATERIAL TEST
↓
MIX DESIGN
↓
SOLUTION PREPARATION
↓
CASTING OF SPECIMEN
↓
CURING OF SPECIMEN
↓
TESTING OF SPECIMEN
↓
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
↓
CONCLUSION
 MATERIALS

Sodium Hydroxide
 

 Generally NaOH is available in market in pellets or flakes form with 96% to 98% purity where the cost of the product
depends on the purity of the material. The solution of NaOH was formed by dissolving it in water with different molarity.
It is recommended that the NaOH solution should be made 24 hours before casting and should be used with 36 hours of
mixing the pellets with water as after that it is converted to semi-solid state.

 Sodium Silicate
 It is also known as water glass which is available in the market in gel form. The ratio of SiO2 and Na2O in sodium
silicate gel highly affects the strength of geopolymer concrete. Mainly it is seen that a ratio ranging from 2 to 2.5 gives a
satisfactory result
. Coarse Aggregate
 Coarse aggregates used in case of cement concrete can be used in case of Geo-polymer concrete (GPC) also where the
coarse aggregate should conform to IS-383-1970.

 Fine Aggregate
 In place of sand we can also use bottom ash which can be a replacement of sand. Up to a level of 20% replacement of
sand gives a good compressive strength.

 Water
 It should be clean and free from organic matter. Example: Drinking water.
Fly ash

• Fly ash is a by product of pulverised coal dust in power generation plants .It is rich in alumina silicate.
 EXPERIMENTS

 SLUMP TEST
 DENSITY TEST
 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH TEST
 SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH TEST
 FLEXURAL STRENGTH TEST
 WATER ABSORPTION TEST
 REFERENCES
 1.Davidovits, J. 1984. “Pyramids of Egypt Made of Man- Made Stone, Myth or Fact?”
Symposium on Archaeometry 1984. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC.
 2.Davidovits, J. 2008. Geopolymer Chemistry and Applications. Institute Geopolymer, Saint-
Quentin, France.
 3.Geopolymer Institute. 2010. What Is a Geopolymer? Introduction. Institute Geopolymer,
Saint- Quentin, France. Accessed on January 29, 2010, at
http://www.geopolymer.org/science/introduction.
 4.Hardjito, D., S. Wallah, D. M. J. Sumajouw, and B. V. Rangan. 2004. “On the Development
of Fly Ash– Based Geopolymer Concrete.” ACI Materials Journal, vol. 101, no. 6.
 5.Rangan, B. V. “Low-Calcium, Fly-Ash-Based Geopolymer Concrete.” Concrete
Construction Engineering Handbook. Taylor and Francis Group, Boca Raton, FL, 2008.
 6.Lloyd, N., and V. Rangan. 2009. “Geopolymer Concrete—Sustainable Cementless
Concrete.” ACI Special Publication SP-261, 10th ACI International Conference on Recent
Advances in Concrete Technology and
 Sustainability Issues. American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI.
 
 
 EXTRA WORK:
 MIX DESIGN OF GEO POLYMER CONCRETE: 
 The mix design for a Geopolymer concrete of M-30 grade is given below:
 Design stipulations:

 Characteristic compressive strength required

 Maximum size of aggregate (angular) = 10mm
 Specific gravity of fly ash = 2.3
 Specific gravity of coarse aggregate = 2.6
 Specific gravity of fine aggregate = 3.1
 Sand conforming = zone III
 Specific gravity of NaOH = 1.47
 Specific gravity of Na2Sio3 = 1.6
Step 1: Selection of fly ash to the compressive
ratio:

Figure 1. Shows flyash content to the compressive strength

 
The amount of flyash required for M30 grade =550 Kg/m 3 is Derived from the above Figure
1.
 Step 2: Selection of alkaline liquid ratio

Figure 2. Generalised relation between free alkaline liquid to flyash ratio and compressive strength
of concrete
 
The ratio between Sodium hydroxide to sodium silicate is 1:2:5 From the table 9
The amount of alkaline liquid required accordance to compressive stress from the Figure 2.
  The amount of Alkaline liquid = 0.61 x flyash content =0.61x550 = 335.5 Kg/m 3 Amount of
Sodium silicate Solution = 239.64 Kg/m3
 Amount of Sodium Hydroxide Solution = 95.86kg/m 3
 Morality to be used in the concrete is 16 molar in which 444 grams of NaOH solids
dissolved in 556 grams of water. Solids = 42.56 kg/m 3 Water = 53.3 kg/m3

Step 3: Selection of water content:

The minimum water content to be added extra is 0.02 water to flyash ratio
According to workability extra water can be added this is due to flyash is arrived from various plant
which have different properties in absorption of water in order to match extra water is added.
Amount of water add extra 0.02 to water flyash ratio = 0.02x550 = 11 kg/m 3
  Table 10: Approximate sand contents per cubic metre of concrete for grades up to M35grade 

Nominal size of coarse Sand as percentage of total

aggregates aggregate by absolute
volume
10mm 40
20mm 35
Change in condition Sand content in %
For sand conforming 0%
toZone 2
For decrease insand content -2.5%
-2.5% total

From above tabel decrease in sand content = 2.5%

Total aggregate by absolute volume = (40 – 2.5) = 37.5%
 Estimation of Air Content
 
 Table 11: Approximate air content:

Nominal maximum size of Entrapped air as

aggregate in mm percentage of volume of
concrete
10 3%
20 2%

Determination of aggregate content:

From table, for the specified maximum size of aggregate of 10 mm, the amount of entrapped air in the
wet concrete is 3 %.
Taking this into account and applying the following equations:
 Table 12: Mix Proportions:

Sodium Sodium Extra water Flyash Fine Coarse

silicate Hydroxide aggregate aggregate
solution
239.64kg/ 95.86kg/m³ 11kg/m³ 550kg³/m 600kg/m³ 838.3kg/m
m³ ³
THANK YOU