Super Halogens

Super-halogens and its Applications
Some important questions to understand Super-halogens:
 What are Super-atoms?
 How super-atoms are similar to single atom?
 What are types of Super-atoms?
 What are the Super-halogens?

Super-atoms
 Stabilized accumulation of few

to several atoms by
delocalized bonding forms a
“cluster”.
 That cluster acts as a stable

unit in same ways to an atom
and this cluster is called
“super-atom”.
Atoms Vs. Clusters (Super-atoms)
 In Super-atoms, some of electrons are

delocalized to specific orbits around
cluster just like an atom has orbits of
electrons.
 Super-atoms have configuration for outer

orbit like single atom, as shown in figure.
Types of Super-atoms
(on the basis of chemical properties)
Super-alkalis
Super-halogens
 Those species, which have higher ionization
 These are the species, which have higher
electron affinity than periodic table halogens. potential than periodic table alkalis.
Super-halogens:
 In 1981, term super-halogens was firstly proposed by Gutsev and Boldyrev.
 They gave a general formula of super-halogens MXk+1.
 Super-halogens are actually electron deficient cluster of atoms, which can accommodate
more electron in their outermost orbital.
 Property of electron deficiency is used to oxidize and tune the electronic properties of
molecules for their applications in different aspects of life
Applications of Super-halogens:
They are used;
 In formation of Super-acids.
 As alternate electrolyte of Li-ion batteries.
 For formation of organic super-conductors.
 For Stabilization of high oxidation states of atoms.

Super-acids:
 Super-acids are the species which have higher capability to easily detach their proton or
higher acidity than that of (100 wt.%) sulfuric acid are called “Super-acids”.
 The term “Super-acid” was firstly introduced by Hall and Conant when they studied
unusual salt formation of sulfuric acid and per-chloric acid with carbonyl compounds
(weak bases).
 Acidity of an acidic medium can be increased with introduction of such ligand which have
high electron affinity such as super-halogens.
 Super-halogens drag electron density from proton containing group of acidic molecule
causing protons to easily detach, as shown in below figure.
Super-acids (How super-halogens improve acidity to make molecules super-acid?)
 Flow of electron density from

HF to AlX3 is the key factor
determining acid strength
 The acidity of HF/AlX3

systems might be tuned by the
choice of X substituents
 Using X ligands with larger

electron affinity (super-
halogen) leads to stronger
HF/AlX3 super acid.
As an alternate electrolytic source:
 Lithium-ion batteries are potential source of energy in modern portable electronic devices.
 These batteries use electrolyte for charge storage, which are mostly halogenated salts.
 As global environment is facing threats of pollutants which are made by human beings and
one of the pollutants are halogens.
 So super-halogens without halogen atoms are utilized as an alternate electrolytic source for
Li-ion batteries.
 These are the some super-halogens
with and without halogen atoms.
 When binding energies of these

super-halogens with Lithium ion
and water molecules were
observed.
 These super-halogens were proved

to be an alternate source for
electrolytic salt preparation.
For Formation of Organic Super-conductors:
 Organic super-conductors (OSCs) are the species which have high level of conductivity at
normal temperature.
 In 1979, first OSC (TMTSF)2PF6 was synthesized by Bechgaard, which was later on called
as Bechgaard Salt.
 Novel OSCs are designed by interchange of anionic PF6 with Super-halogens.

Front and side view of (TMTSF)
For Stabilization of High Oxidation states:
 Oxidation is a measure of an atom to gain charge on itself, which is a key parameter for
any chemical reaction.
 Every atom has its specific oxidation state but it can be changed when a strong oxidizing
ligand (Super-halogen) is attached to tune electronic properties.
 Zinc has stable +II oxidation state. When Super-halogen (AuF6) is attached to Zinc, its
oxidation state is shifted to +III.
 A novel stable Zn(AuF6)3 compound is formed due to strong oxidizing property of Super-
halogens, as shown in figure.
Zn(AuF6)3
(with +III oxidation state of Zinc)..
Conclusion:
 It can be concluded that higher electron affinity of super-halogens can be used to module
electronic properties of different compounds. Their super oxidizing power enables
researchers to advance materials design and synthesis.
THANK YOU
THANK YOU

Super Halogens

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Super Halogens

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Super Halogens

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Super-halogens and its Applications

Some important questions to understand Super-halogens:

 What are Super-atoms?

 How super-atoms are similar to single atom?

 What are types of Super-atoms?

 What are the Super-halogens?

 Stabilized accumulation of few

 That cluster acts as a stable

 In Super-atoms, some of electrons are

 Super-atoms have configuration for outer

 In 1981, term super-halogens was firstly proposed by Gutsev and Boldyrev.

 They gave a general formula of super-halogens MXk+1.

They are used;

 As alternate electrolyte of Li-ion batteries.

 For formation of organic super-conductors.

 For Stabilization of high oxidation states of atoms.

 Flow of electron density from

 The acidity of HF/AlX3

 Using X ligands with larger

 When binding energies of these

 These super-halogens were proved

 Novel OSCs are designed by interchange of anionic PF6 with Super-halogens.

You might also like