First and Second Acquisition: Suhendar Ayu Nuraeni Windi Ajeng Cahyani

First And Second Acquisition
Suhendar
Ayu Nuraeni
Windi Ajeng Cahyani
First
Language
Acquisition
Definition Of First Language
Acquisition
• Refers to first-language acquisition, which studies infants'
acquisition of their native language.
• This is the acquisition of the mother tongue.
• The process by which humans acquire the capacity to perceive and

comprehend language, as well as to produce and use words and
sentences to communicate.
• Language acquisition is one of the quintessential human traits,

because non-humans do not communicate by using language.
INPUT
 Input is where human infants are certainly helped in

their language acquisition by the adults in the home
environment.
 "baby talk" is where speech style adopted by someone

who spends a lot of time interacting with a young child.
 Examples for simplified words are "tummy", "mama"

"poo-poo" "pee-pee" and others.
Caragiver Speech
• Also described as "motherese" or "child-directed speech".

• There are four types of caregiver speech
 Frequent use of questions
 Extra loudness
 Often using exaggerated intonation
 A slower tempo with longer pauses

The Acquisition Stages
1) COOING
 Between 2-4 months.
 The child gradually becomes capable of producing vowel-like sounds,
such as [i] and [u]
 Repetition of the vowel sounds.
 Express satisfaction or pleasure.
2) Babbling
 The child produces a number of different vowels and consonants, such as
ba-ba-ba and baba-da-da, which at times can almost sound like a real
speech.
 Uses consonants B, M, D and G.
3) The one-word
stage
 One or two recognizable word.
 Resembles words or simple phrases.
 Words that utter everyday objects such as "milk", "cat", "spoon"
4) The two-word
stage
 Begin around 18-20 months.

 At least 50 different words.S
 Simple sentences, grammatically incorrect and perhaps missing
information.
 Variety combination words appear.
 For examples: baby chair, daddy car, more milk, cat bad."
• The phrase "baby chair" may be taken as :
1) an expression of possession = (this is baby'schair) or

2) as a request = (put baby in the chair) or
3) as a statement = (baby is in the chair)
5) Telegraphic speech
 Between 2-3 years old.
 The child begins producing a large number that could be classified
as "multiple-word" speech.
 The child vocabulary has grown to hundreds of words during this
stage and pronunciation become more clearer.
• Almost complete sentences.

• Correct/proper word order.
• Physical development: running and jumping.
• For examples :
a) this shoe all wet

b) daddy go bye-bye
c) cat drink milk
1) Learning through imitation
● Basis of child's speech production used by young children.
● They may repeat single words or phrases, but not thesentences

structures.
● It is likely that the children understand what are thesentences but

they express what they understand bytheir own.
• For examples :
• Mum is hungry = mum hungry
• The cat is sleeping = cat sleep

2) Learning through correction
● It is unlikely that adult "corrections" are a very effective

determiner of how the child speaks.
● The child will continue to use a personally constructed form,

despite the adult's repetition of what the correct form should
be.
● Example :
Child: My teacher holded the baby rabbits.

Mother: Did you say your teacher held the baby rabbits?
Child: Yes.
Mother: Did you say she held them tightly?
Child: No, she holded them loosely.
3) Developing morphology
By the time a child is two-and-a-half years old, he or she is going

beyond telegraphic speech and the child indicates the
grammatical function of the nouns and verbs used.
4) Developing syntax
In the formation of questions and the use of negatives.• The child

goes through with 3 stages :
5) Developing semantics
 During the two-word stage, children use their limited

vocabulary to refer to a large number of unrelated objects.
 Overextension: overextend the meaning of a word on the basis

of similarities of shape, sound and size.
 Example: use ball to refer an apple, an egg or a ball.

Second Language
Acquisition or
Learning
Second Language Learning
1. The process by which people learn another language in addition to their
native language.
2. First language as (L1) whereas foreign or second language is (L2)
3. A distinction is sometimes made between learning in a “foreign language”
setting (learning a language that is not generally spoken in the
surrounding community) and a “second language” setting (learning a
language that is spoken in the surrounding community.
4. Example : Japanese students in an English class in Japan are learning
English as a foreign language (EFL) but if those same students were in an
English class in USA, they would be learning English as a second language
(ESL).
Acquisition and Learning
Acquisition
- Gradual development of ability in a language by using it naturally in

communicative situations with others who know the language.
- Takes place without a teacher
- Example : Children who “pick up” a second language from long periods spent
in interaction, constantly using the language with the native speakers of the
language as their L1.
Acquisition and Learning
Learning
- A conclusive process of accumulating knowledge of the features of
language such as pronunciation, vocabulary and grammar.
- Takes place with a teacher.
- Result in more knowledge “about” the language than fluency in actually
using the language.
- Example : A student can fill in the blanks on grammar page but
knowing grammar rules does not necessarily result in good speaking as
they may not be able to speak fluently.
THE AGE FACTOR
- ADULT
- Difficult to acquire another language fully after the critical period for
language acquisition has passed.
- Result to loss of flexibility or openness to receive the features of
another language.
- CHILDREN
- Quicker and more effective L2 learners in class.
- Optimum age for learning (10-16 years old) when the flexibility of the
inherent capacity for language has not been completely lost.
FOCUS ON TEACHING METHOD
GRAMMAR TRANSLATION
METHOD
- A method of teaching foreign languages derived from the classical
(traditional) method of teaching Greek and Latin. A way to teach languages is
through the teaching of grammar and the translation of texts.
- Students learn grammatical rules and then apply those rules by translating
sentences between the target language (L2) and the native language (L1).
- Emphasize a written language rather than spoken language very little
attention is placed on pronunciation or any communicative aspects of the
language.
FOCUS ON TEACHING METHOD
THE AUDIOLINGUAL
METHOD
- Learn to speak languages through habit-formation, and therefore
need to practice drills until the new habit has been learnt.
- Emphasized a spoken language.
- Belief that the fluent use of language might develop with a lot pf
practice repeating oral skills.
FOCUS ON TECHING METHOD
COMMUNICATIVE
APPROACHES
- Languages are learnt through communication, and that the focus of
the classroom should be on encouraging learners to engage in speaking
activities which simulate ‘real life’ communication.
- Emphasized the functions of language (what it is used for) rather than
the forms of language (correct grammatical or phonological structures).
- Example : practicing question forms by asking learners to find out
personal information about their colleagues as it involves meaningful
communication.
THANKS!
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First And Second Acquisition

• This is the acquisition of the mother tongue.

• The process by which humans acquire the capacity to perceive and

• Language acquisition is one of the quintessential human traits,

 Input is where human infants are certainly helped in

 "baby talk" is where speech style adopted by someone

 Examples for simplified words are "tummy", "mama"

• Also described as "motherese" or "child-directed speech".

 Frequent use of questions

 Often using exaggerated intonation

 A slower tempo with longer pauses

 Begin around 18-20 months.

1) an expression of possession = (this is baby'schair) or

• Almost complete sentences.

a) this shoe all wet

● Basis of child's speech production used by young children.

● They may repeat single words or phrases, but not thesentences

● It is likely that the children understand what are thesentences but

• Mum is hungry = mum hungry

• The cat is sleeping = cat sleep

● It is unlikely that adult "corrections" are a very effective

● The child will continue to use a personally constructed form,

Child: My teacher holded the baby rabbits.

By the time a child is two-and-a-half years old, he or she is going

In the formation of questions and the use of negatives.• The child

 During the two-word stage, children use their limited

 Overextension: overextend the meaning of a word on the basis

 Example: use ball to refer an apple, an egg or a ball.

- Gradual development of ability in a language by using it naturally in

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