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    6 - SCANDiNAVIAN INFLUENCE AND NORMAN INFLUENCE

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    ayla razak
    Scandinavian kingdoms like Denmark, Norway and Sweden attacked England beginning in 787 CE during the Viking Age. They settled across eastern England until the late 11th century. Scandinavian influence introduced many vocabulary words to English and some semantic differences between similar Old English and Old Norse words. The Norman invasion in 1066 led by William the Conqueror established Anglo-Norman as the language of government and literature. Anglo-Norman and Anglo-French remained influential in England's legal and administrative language until the 15th century. This period saw trilingualism in Latin, English and French, with French words predominantly influencing culture, politics and religion.

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    6 - SCANDiNAVIAN INFLUENCE AND NORMAN INFLUENCE

    Uploaded by

    ayla razak
    31 views21 pages
    Scandinavian kingdoms like Denmark, Norway and Sweden attacked England beginning in 787 CE during the Viking Age. They settled across eastern England until the late 11th century. Scandinavian influence introduced many vocabulary words to English and some semantic differences between similar Old English and Old Norse words. The Norman invasion in 1066 led by William the Conqueror established Anglo-Norman as the language of government and literature. Anglo-Norman and Anglo-French remained influential in England's legal and administrative language until the 15th century. This period saw trilingualism in Latin, English and French, with French words predominantly influencing culture, politics and religion.

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    6- SCANDiNAVIAN INFLUENCE AND NORMAN INFLUENCE (1) (1)

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    Scandinavian kingdoms like Denmark, Norway and Sweden attacked England beginning in 787 CE during the Viking Age. They settled across eastern England until the late 11th century. Scandinavian influence introduced many vocabulary words to English and some semantic differences between similar Old English and Old Norse words. The Norman invasion in 1066 led by William the Conqueror established Anglo-Norman as the language of government and literature. Anglo-Norman and Anglo-French remained influential in England's legal and administrative language until the 15th century. This period saw trilingualism in Latin, English and French, with French words predominantly influencing culture, politics and religion.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    31 views21 pages

    6 - SCANDiNAVIAN INFLUENCE AND NORMAN INFLUENCE

    Uploaded by

    ayla razak
    Scandinavian kingdoms like Denmark, Norway and Sweden attacked England beginning in 787 CE during the Viking Age. They settled across eastern England until the late 11th century. Scandinavian influence introduced many vocabulary words to English and some semantic differences between similar Old English and Old Norse words. The Norman invasion in 1066 led by William the Conqueror established Anglo-Norman as the language of government and literature. Anglo-Norman and Anglo-French remained influential in England's legal and administrative language until the 15th century. This period saw trilingualism in Latin, English and French, with French words predominantly influencing culture, politics and religion.

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    SCANDINAVIAN

    INFLUENCE AND NORMAN


    INFLUENCE
     Scandinavian includes three kingdoms : Denmark,
    Norway and Sweden.
     Attacked England in 787 CE
     They stayed from middle of 8th century to the
    middle of 11th century
     This period is also known as the Viking Age
    Scandinavian influence
     The Scandinavian influence began in 787CE;

    Scandinavian invasion indeed developed out
    of combination of aggressive spirit and
    economic necessity.
     There are three stages of Scandinavian attacks

    on Britain;
    i. The raiding stage ( from 787-850)

    ii. The settlement stage (850-78)

    iii. The period of political assimilation (878-


    1042)
     Lindisfarne and Bede’s monasteries in Jarrow were
    amongst the targets of these early attacks.
     The entire eastern part of England eventually fell to
    the Danes, who then set their sights to Wessex.
     Alfred attacked the Danish under Guthrum and
    defeated them completely at Eddington, causing the
    Danes to collapse.
     The Treaty of Wedmore, signed by Guthrum and
    Alfred in 878. The Vikings agreed to leave
    Wessex.
     The Danes agreed to accept Christianity and
    Guthrum was baptized into the Christian church.
     England remained under Danish rule until 1042,
    when the line of Alfred was restores with the
    unanimous election of Edward the Confessor.
     A feature of the Scandinavian influence on the
    vocabulary of English is that there are many cases
    of co-existence of Old Norse and Old English
    words, usually with some semantic differentiation.
    Old English Old Norse Old English Old Norse

    Whole Hale Ill Sick

    Craft Skill To rear To raise

    Shirt Skirt from Fro

    Church Kirk shriek screak/screech

    To edge To egg (on)


    The nature of Scandinavian
    borrowings
     Due to the fact that the Scandinavian invaders in
    England were in day-to-day contact with the native
    English population, the loanwords which are to be
    found in English are from everyday life.
     The following loans are grouped into word classes.

    1)Nouns bank, birth, booth, brink, crook, dirt, egg, fellow
    , freckle, gap, guess, keel, kid, leg, link, race, reef, rift, 
    scales, score, sister, skill, skin, skirt, sky, slaughter, sn
    are, thrall (cf.
    ‘enthralled’),thrift, tidings, trust, want, window.
    2)Adjectives awkward, flat, ill, loose, low, murky, odd, 
    rugged, scant, seemly, sly, tight, weak.
    3)Verbs bask, call, cast, clip, crave, crawl, die, droop, ga
    pe, gasp, get, give, kindle, lift, lug, nag, raise, rake, ran
    sack, rid, scare, scout, scowl, screech, snub, sprint,
    take, thrive, thrust.
     The relationship of Scandinavian can be quite
    complex and go beyond the above instances of
    direct loans. For instance there are cases where the
    form of a word is Scandinavian rather than English.

    OE Scan 
    OE lyft‘air’ Scan loft loft
    OE sweoster Scan suster sister 
    OE seolfor Scan silfr silver
     In other cases ,there exists both a continuation of
    the original Old English forms and a loan from
    Scandinavian.

    English Scandinavian loan


    shin (< OE scinn) skin (< Sc scinn)
    shriek screak
    whole hale
    ditch dike
    Doublets and loss of words
     Doublets are similar in their phonetic form as can
    be recognised easily above.
     However in many cases there are loans which are
    different in form but quite close in meaning,
    e.g. sick and ill when the former tends to have the
    literal sense of to ‘vomit’.
     In yet other instances the Scandinavian element
    has replaced the Old English one.
    NORMAN INFLUENCE
     Anglo-Norman is the name traditionally given to
    the kind of Old Norman used in England and to
    some extent elsewhere in the British Isles during
    the Anglo Norman period.
     When William the Conqueror led the Norman
    invasion of England in 1066, he, his nobles, and
    many of his followers from Normandy spoke
    French.
     Anglo-Norman ( a form of French language) was
    commonly used for literary and eventually
    administrative purposes from the 12th until the
    15th century.
     The spoken language of the Norman nobility and
    was also spoken in the law courts, schools, and
    universities
     Private and commercial correspondence was
    written in Anglo-Norman from the thirteenth to the
    fifteenth century.
     Other social classes than just the nobility became
    keen to learn Anglo-Norman; manuscripts
    containing materials for instructing non-native
    speakers dating mostly from the late fourteenth
    century onwards.
     Grammatically, Anglo-Norman had little lasting
    impact on English, although it is still evident in
    official and legal terms where the noun and
    adjective are reversed, for example attorney
    general, which in New High German is
    Generalanwalt, literally meaning "general
    attorney":
     This is an example, the term maintains the
    similarity between the German and English
    spellings while still possessing the Anglo-Norman
    reversal of the noun and adjective.
    Use and development
     Among important writers of the Anglo-Norman care
    the Jersey-born poet, Wace, and Marie de France.
     Anglo-Norman was never the main administrative
    language of England, Latin remaining the major
    language of record in legal and other official
    documents for most of the medieval period. 
     However, from the late thirteenth century until the
    early fifteenth century Anglo-Norman and Anglo-
    French succeeded in establishing a very significant
    presence in law reports, charters, ordinances, official
    correspondence, and the language of trade at all levels.
    Trilingualism in Medieval
    England
     Much of the earliest recorded French is in fact
    Anglo-Norman.
     Latin did not disappear in medieval England; it was
    used by the Church, the royal government and
    much local administration, as it had been, in
    parallel with Anglo-Saxon, before 1066. 
     Around the same time, a shift took place in France
    towards using French as a language of record in the
    mid-13th century,
    SIGNIFICANCE OF FRENCH:

    i. The local language of the king and his court


    ii. The language of the royal charters and legislation
    iii. The language of administration and justice
    iv. In the royal and local courts
    v. The language of the people
    The influence of French in
    English
     Middle English was heavily influenced by both
    Anglo-Norman and, later, Anglo-French.
     The French influence affected the English
    vocabulary, grammar, spelling and pronunciation
     In general, the French borrowings concerned the
    fields of culture, aristocratic life, politics and
    religion, whereas the English words were used to
    describe everyday experience.
    Further reading,
    http://dooku.miun.se/engelska/englishC/C-essay/HT0
    3/Final/Therese%20Th%F6rnemo.pdf

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