LATERAL FORCE

PROCEDURES -
Engr. Joshua John L. Julio, CE

Engr. Katherine Shayne D. Yee, CE, ME-

BUILDING 1

(BASED ON NSCP 2015)

04/27/2021
STRUCTURES PREPARED BY: KSDY 1
 Flow Chart
Occupancy Importance Soil Profile Seismic Zone Near Source
Seismic Zone 4
Category Factors Types Factors Factor, Na
(Table 103-1) (Table 208-1) (Table 208-2) (Table 208-3) (Table 208-4)

Compute Seismic Zone 2

Earthquake Load
Near Source
Factor, Nv
(Table 208-5)

Structural Systems
Seismic Seismic
Compute Coefficient, R
Coefficient, Cv Coefficient, Ca
Base Shear (Table 208-
(Table 208-8) (Table 208-7)
11A,B,C)
04/27/2021 PREPARED BY: KSDY 2
 OCCUPANCY CATEGORIES (TABLE 103-1)
OCCUPANCY OCCUPANCY OR FUNCTION OF STRUCTURE
CATEGORY
 Occupancies having surgery and emergency treatment areas.
 Fire and Police Stations
 Garages, Shelters for emergency Vehicles, and emergency aircraft
 Structures and Shelters in Emergency Preparedness Centers
 Aviation Control Towers
 Structures and Equipment in Communication Centers and other
facilities required for emergency response
I – Essential Facilities  Facilities for standby power-generating equipment for Category I
structures
 Tanks or other structures containing housing or supporting water
or other fire suppression material or equipment required for the
protection of Category I, II, and III structures
 Public School Buildings
 Hospitals, and
 Designated Evacuation Centers

04/27/2021 PREPARED BY: KSDY 3

 OCCUPANCY CATEGORIES (TABLE 103-1)
OCCUPANCY OCCUPANCY OR FUNCTION OF STRUCTURE
CATEGORY
 Occupancies and structures housing or supporting toxic or
II – Hazardous explosive chemicals or substances
Facilities  Non-building structures storing, supporting or containing
quantities of toxic or explosive substances

04/27/2021 PREPARED BY: KSDY 4

 OCCUPANCY CATEGORIES (TABLE 103-1)
OCCUPANCY OCCUPANCY OR FUNCTION OF STRUCTURE
CATEGORY
 Single Story School Buildings
 Buildings with an assembly room with an occupant capacity of
1,000 or more
 Educational buildings such as museums, libraries, auditorium
with a capacity of 300 or more students,
 Buildings used for college or adult education with a capacity of
III-Special Occupancy 500 or more students
Structures  Institutional Buildings with 50 or more students
 Mental hospitals, sanitariums, jails, prison and other buildings
where personal liberties of inmates are similarly restrained
 All structures with an occupancy of 5,000 or more persons
 Structures and equipment in power-generating stations, and other
public utility facilities not included in Category I or II and
required for continued operation

04/27/2021 PREPARED BY: KSDY 5

 OCCUPANCY CATEGORIES (TABLE 103-1)
OCCUPANCY OCCUPANCY OR FUNCTION OF STRUCTURE
CATEGORY
IV- Standard  All Structures housing occupancies or having functions not listed
Occupancy Structures in Category I, II, or III and Category V.

V – Miscellaneous  Private garages, carports, sheds and fences over 1.5m high
Structures

04/27/2021 PREPARED BY: KSDY 6

 207.4.2 OCCUPANCY CATEGORIES
Table 208-1 – Seismic Importance Factors
SEISMIC IMPORTANCE SEISMIC IMPORTANCE
OCCUPANCY CATEGORY1
FACTOR, I FACTOR, Ip
I. Essential Facilities3 1.50 1.50
II. Hazardous Facilities 1.25 1.50
III. Special Occupancy 1.00 1.00
Structures4
IV. Standard Occupancy 1.00 1.00
Structures4
V. Miscellaneous Structures 1.00 1.00

1
See Table 103-1 for occupancy category listing
2
The limitation of Ip for panel connections in section 208.8.2.3 shall be 1.0 for the entire connector
3
Structural observation requirements are given in section 107.9
4
For anchorage of machinery and equipment required for life-safety systems, the value of Ip shall be
taken as 1.5.

04/27/2021 PREPARED BY: KSDY 7

 208.4.3 SITE GEOLOGY AND SOIL CHARACTERISTICS
Soil profile type will be based on geotechnical data
Exceptions: When the soil properties are not known in sufficient detail to determine
the soil profile type, Type SD shall be used.

04/27/2021 PREPARED BY: KSDY 8

 208.4.3.1 SOIL PROFILE TYPE
Soil profile types SA, SB, SC, SD, and SE are defined in table 208-2.
Type SF is defined as soils requiring site specific evaluation as follows:
Soil vulnerable to potential failure or collapse under seismic loading, such as liquefiable soils, quick
and highly sensitive clays, and collapsible weakly cemented soils
Peats and/or highly organic clays, where the thickness of peat or highly organic clay exceeds 3.0m
Very high plasticity clays with plasticity index, PI>75, where the depth of clay exceeds 7.5m
Very thick soft/medium stiff clay, where the depth of clay exceeds 35m.

04/27/2021 PREPARED BY: KSDY 9

 TABLE 208-2 – SOIL PROFILE TYPES
SOIL PROFILE
SHEAR WAVE
SOIL PROFILE NAME/GENERI SPT, N (blows/300 Undrained Shear
VELOCITY, Vs
TYPE C mm) Strength Sv (kPa)
(m/s)
DESCRIPTION
SA Hard Rock > 1500
SB Rock 760 to 1500

SC Very Dense Soil

360 to 760 > 50 > 100
and Soft Rock
SD Stiff Soil Profile 180 to 360 15 to 50 50 to 100
SE1 Soft Soil Profile < 180 < 15 < 50
SF Soil requiring site-specific evaluation. See section 208.4.3.1

1
Soil Profile Type SE also includes any soil profile with more than 3.0 m of soft clay defined as a
soil with plasticity index, PI>20, WMC ≥ 40% and Su < 24 kPa. The plasticity index, PI, and
moisture content, WMC, shall be determined in accordance with approved national standards.
04/27/2021 PREPARED BY: KSDY 10
 208.4.3.1.1.2.1 VS, AVERAGE SHEAR WAVE VELOCITY

04/27/2021 PREPARED BY: KSDY 11

208.4.3.1.1.2.2 N, AVERAGE FIELD STANDARD PENETRATION
RESISTANCE AND NCH, AVERAGE STANDARD PENETRATION
RESISTANCE FOR COHESIONLESS SOIL LAYERS

04/27/2021 PREPARED BY: KSDY 12

208.4.3.1.1.2.3 SU, AVERAGE UNDRAINED SHEAR
STRENGTH

04/27/2021 PREPARED BY: KSDY 13

TABLE 208-3 – SEISMIC ZONE FACTOR Z
Zone 2 4
Z 0.20 0.40

04/27/2021 PREPARED BY: KSDY 14

TABLE 208-4 SEISMIC SOURCE TYPES1
Seismic Source Definition
Seismic Source Type Seismic Source Description Max. Magnitude Moment,
M
Faults that are capable of producing
A large magnitude events and that have 7.0 ≤ M ≤ 8.4
a high rate of seismic activity
B All faults other than types A and C 6.5 ≤ M < 7.0
Faults that are not capable of
producing large magnitude
C M < 6.5
earthquakes and that have a relatively
low rate of seismic activity
1
Subduction sources shall be evaluated on a site-specific basis.

04/27/2021 PREPARED BY: KSDY 15

SEC 208.4.4.3 SEISMIC ZONE 4 NEAR-SOURCE FACTOR
In seismic Zone 4, each site shall be assigned near-source factors in accordance with
tables 208-5 and 208-6 based on the seismic source type.
The value of Na used to determine Ca need not to exceed 1.1 for structures complying
with all the following conditions:
The Soil profile is Sa, Sb, Sc, or Sd.
Ρ=1.0
Except in single story structures, residential building accommodating 10 or fewer
persons, private garages, carports, sheds and agricultural buildings, moment frame
systems designated as part of the lateral-force-resisting system shall be special
moment-resisting frame

04/27/2021 PREPARED BY: KSDY 16

TABLE 208-5 NEAR SOURCE FACTOR N Notes for Tables 208-5 and
A208-6:
1 The Near-Source Factor
Closest Distance to Known Seismic Source1
Seismic may be based on the linear
Source interpolation of values for
Type ≤ 2 km ≤ 5 km ≥ 10 km distances other than those
shown in the table
A 1.5 1.2 1.0 2 The closest distance to
seismic source shall be
B 1.3 1.0 1.0 taken as the minimum
C 1.0 1.0 1.0 distance between the site
and the area described by
TABLE 208-6 NEAR SOURCE FACTOR N the vertical projection of
Vthe source on the surface
Closest Distance to Known Seismic Source2 (i.e. surface projection of
Seismic the fault plane). The
Source surface projection need not
Type ≤ 2 km ≤ 5 km 10 km ≥ 15 km
include portions of the
source at depths of 10km
A 2.0 1.6 1.2 1.0 or greater. The largest
B 1.6 1.2 1.0 1.0 value of the near-source
factor considering all
C 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 sources PREPARED
shall BY:
beKSDY
used 17for
04/27/2021
TABLE 208-7 SEISMIC COEFFICIENT, CA
Seismic Zone, Z
Soil Profile Type
Z = 0.2 Z = 0.4
Sa 0.16 0.32Na
Sb 0.20 0.40Na
Sc 0.24 0.40Na
Sd 0.28 0.44Na
Se 0.34 0.44Na
Sf See Footnote 1 of table 208-8

04/27/2021 PREPARED BY: KSDY 18

TABLE 208-8 SEISMIC COEFFICIENT, CV
Seismic Zone, Z
Soil Profile Type
Z = 0.2 Z = 0.4
Sa 0.16 0.32Nv
Sb 0.20 0.40Nv
Sc 0.32 0.56Nv
Sd 0.40 0.64Nv
Se 0.64 0.96Nv
Sf See Footnote 1 of table 208-8

1 Site specific geotechnical investigation and dynamic site response analysis shall be
performed to determined seismic coefficients

04/27/2021 PREPARED BY: KSDY 19

TABLE 208-11A EARTHQUAKE-FORCE RESISTING STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS OF
CONCRETE

04/27/2021 PREPARED BY: KSDY 20

TABLE 208-11B EARTHQUAKE-FORCE RESISTING STRUCTURAL
SYSTEMS OF STEEL

04/27/2021 PREPARED BY: KSDY 21

TABLE 208-11B EARTHQUAKE-FORCE RESISTING STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS OF
STEEL

04/27/2021 PREPARED BY: KSDY 22

TABLE 208-11C EARTHQUAKE-FORCE RESISTING
STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS OF MASONRY

04/27/2021 PREPARED BY: KSDY 23

TABLE 208-11D EARTHQUAKE-FORCE RESISTING STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS OF WOOD

04/27/2021 PREPARED BY: KSDY 24

INTRODUCTION
As in NSCP—1992 the concept of the base shear is central to the design process using the
static or dynamic lateral force procedures.
SELECTION OF LATERAL FORCE PROCEDURE (Section 208.4.8)
Any structure may be, and certain structures defined below shall be, designed using the
dynamic lateral-force procedures of Section 208.5.3.

04/27/2021 PREPARED BY: KSDY 25

208.4.8.1 SIMPLIFIED STATIC
The simplified static lateral force procedure set forth in Section 208.5.1.1 may be used
for the following structures of Occupancy Category IV or V:
1. Buildings of any occupancy (including single family dwellings) not more than three
stories in height excluding basements that use light-frame construction.
2. Other buildings not more than two stories in height excluding basements.

04/27/2021 PREPARED BY: KSDY 26

208.4.8.2 STATIC
The static lateral force procedure set forth in Section 208.5 may be used for the following
structures:
1. All structures, regular or irregular in occupancy categories IV and V in Seismic Zone 2.
2. Regular structures under 75 m in height with lateral force resistance provided by systems
listed in Table 208-11 except where Section 208.4.8.3 Item 4 (Dynamic Procedure)
applies.
3. Irregular structures not more than 5 stories nor 20 m in height.
4. Structures having flexible upper portion supported on a rigid lower portion where both
portions of the structure considered separately can be classified as being regular
provided that
 the average storey stiffness of the lower portion is at least 10 times the average storey
stiffness of the upper portion and
 the period of the entire structure is not greater than 1.1 times the period of the upper
portion considered as a separate structure fixed at the base.
04/27/2021 PREPARED BY: KSDY 27
208.4.8.3 DYNAMIC
The dynamic lateral force procedures stipulated in Section 208.5.3 shall be used for all
other structures, including the following:
1. Structures 75m or more in height, except as permitted by Section 208.4.8.2, Item 1.
2. Structures having a stiffness, weight or geometric vertical irregularity of Type 1, 2, or
3 as defined in Table 208-9 or structures having irregular features not described in
either Table 208-9 or 208-10 except as permitted by Section 208.4.10.3.1.
3. Structures over 5 stories or 20 m in height in Seismic Zone 4 and not having the same
structural system throughout their height except as permitted by Section 208.4.10.3.1.
4. Structures, regular or irregular, located on Soil Profile Type SF, which have a period
greater than 0.7 seconds. The analysis shall include effects of the soils at the site and
shall conform to Section. 208.5.3.2. Item 4.

04/27/2021 PREPARED BY: KSDY 28

 208.5.2 STATIC FORCE PROCEDURE
208.5.2.1 DESIGN BASE SHEAR
The total design base shear in given direction shall be determined from the following
equations:

The total design base shear need not exceed the following:

The total design base shear shall not be less than the following:

In addition, for Seismic Zone 4, the total base shear shall also not be less than the
following:

04/27/2021 PREPARED BY: KSDY 29

 208.5.2 STATIC FORCE PROCEDURE
208.5.2.2 STRUCTURE PERIOD
The value of T shall be determined from one of the following methods:

I. Method A:
For all buildings, the value of T maybe approximated from the following equation:

04/27/2021 PREPARED BY: KSDY 30

 208.5.2 STATIC FORCE PROCEDURE
208.5.2.2 STRUCTURE PERIOD
Method B:
The fundamental period T may be computed using the following equation:

The values of represent any lateral force distributed approximately in accordance with
the principles of equations. 208-15, 208-16, and 208-17 or any other rational distribution.
The elastic deflections, , shall be calculated using the applied lateral forces, .

The value of T form Method B shall not exceed a value 30 percent greater than the value
of T obtained from Method A in Seismic Zone 4, and 40 percent in Seismic Zone 2.

04/27/2021 PREPARED BY: KSDY 31

 208.5.2 STATIC FORCE PROCEDURE
208.5.2.3 VERTICAL DISTRIBUTION OF FORCE
The total force shall be distributed over the height of the structure in conformance with
equations 208-15, 208-16, and 208-17 in the absence of a more rigorous procedure:

The concentrated force Ft at the top, which is in addition to Fn, shall be determined from
the equation:

Ft need not exceed 0.25V and maybe considered as zero where T Is 0.7seconds or less.

04/27/2021 PREPARED BY: KSDY 32

 208.5.2 STATIC FORCE PROCEDURE
208.5.2.3 VERTICAL DISTRIBUTION OF FORCE
The remaining portion of the base shear shall be distributed over the height of the
structure, including level n, according to the following equations:

At each level designated as x, the force Fx shall be applied over the area of the building in
accordance with the mass distribution at that level. Structural displacements and design
seismic forces shall be calculated as the effect of forces Fx and Ft applied at the appropriate
levels above the base.

04/27/2021 PREPARED BY: KSDY 33

 208.5.2 STATIC FORCE PROCEDURE
PROBLEM 1
A four-story reinforced concrete special moment-resisting public-school building is to
be constructed in Malolos, Bulacan. Determine the base shear, V, to be applied at the
building if its total weight is W=7300 kN, and its total height, hn = 12.80 meters? Soil
profile type = Sc, Seismic source type = A.

04/27/2021 PREPARED BY: KSDY 34

 208.5.2 STATIC FORCE PROCEDURE
PROBLEM 2
Consider a three-storey reinforced concrete masonry shear wall building that will be
used as a detention center. The building will be constructed in Angeles City. Each floor
has a weight of 2200kN and a total height of 15.00 meters. The calculated fundamental
period of vibration was 0.15 second. Calculate the base shear of the structure and the
distribution of loads at each level of the structure. Assume the total length of shear wall
to be 12.00 m and the effective horizontal cross-sectional area to be 83.50 m2 in the
first storey.

04/27/2021 PREPARED BY: KSDY 35

 208.5.2 STATIC FORCE PROCEDURE
PROBLEM 3
Shown in the figure is a structural framing system of a five-story commercial building with specified deadloads, beams,
slabs, and column dimensions. Analyze frame 3 using NSCP 2015 earthquake analysis. The building consists of special
reinforced concrete moment frames and is located at Imus Cavite 15 km from Valley Fault System, with soil profile
properties of PI = 30, wmc= 45% and Su = 20 kPa.
Data: 1.2 m parapet wall (6’’ CHB = 2.75 kPa)
6” CHB wall for interior/ exterior walls = 2.75 kPa
Beams:
Roof deck: 250 mm x 500 mm all frames
Ground to fifth floor: 400 mm x 600 mm for interior frames
300 mm x 600 mm for exterior frames
All Columns: 600 mm x 600 mm
Slab thickness:
Roof deck: 100 mm
Ground to fifth floor: 150 mm
Design deadload (finish, ceiling, insulation, allow. for partition) = 1.2 kPa
04/27/2021 PREPARED BY: KSDY 36
 208.5.2 STATIC FORCE PROCEDURE
PROBLEM 3

04/27/2021 PREPARED BY: KSDY 37

 THANK YOU! Any Questions?

04/27/2021 PREPARED BY: KSDY 38