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    Steps of DNA Replication

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    Shakila mumtaz
    The process of DNA replication involves three main steps: initiation, elongation, and termination. During initiation, helicase unwinds the DNA double helix at the origin of replication, forming two replication forks. In elongation, DNA polymerase adds nucleotides to the 3' end of each new DNA strand. The leading strand is synthesized continuously while the lagging strand is synthesized in short Okazaki fragments. Termination occurs when the replication forks meet, forming two complete DNA double helices.

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    Steps of DNA Replication

    Uploaded by

    Shakila mumtaz
    45 views13 pages
    The process of DNA replication involves three main steps: initiation, elongation, and termination. During initiation, helicase unwinds the DNA double helix at the origin of replication, forming two replication forks. In elongation, DNA polymerase adds nucleotides to the 3' end of each new DNA strand. The leading strand is synthesized continuously while the lagging strand is synthesized in short Okazaki fragments. Termination occurs when the replication forks meet, forming two complete DNA double helices.

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    The process of DNA replication involves three main steps: initiation, elongation, and termination. During initiation, helicase unwinds the DNA double helix at the origin of replication, forming two replication forks. In elongation, DNA polymerase adds nucleotides to the 3' end of each new DNA strand. The leading strand is synthesized continuously while the lagging strand is synthesized in short Okazaki fragments. Termination occurs when the replication forks meet, forming two complete DNA double helices.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    45 views13 pages

    Steps of DNA Replication

    Uploaded by

    Shakila mumtaz
    The process of DNA replication involves three main steps: initiation, elongation, and termination. During initiation, helicase unwinds the DNA double helix at the origin of replication, forming two replication forks. In elongation, DNA polymerase adds nucleotides to the 3' end of each new DNA strand. The leading strand is synthesized continuously while the lagging strand is synthesized in short Okazaki fragments. Termination occurs when the replication forks meet, forming two complete DNA double helices.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 13

    Process of DNA Replication

    1st step: Initiation

     The first stage in replication is to separate the two DNA strands of the parental DNA molecule.

     DNA replication begins at a origin of replication (oriC) and proceeds bidirectionally.

     During initiation, proteins bind to the origin of replication

     Helicase unwinds the DNA helix

     Two replication forks are formed at the origin of replication.


     During replication, the DNA strands of the double helix must be both unwound and separated.

     To unwind the DNA, positive superhelical turns have to be removed by cutting the DNA, and
    allowing it to relax or by introducing negative superhelical turns to compensate for the positive
    ones.
    Replication fork:

    Region where the enzymes replicating


    a DNA molecule are bound to untwisted,
    single-stranded DNA
    2nd step: Elongation

     During elongation, an enzyme called DNA polymerase adds DNA nucleotides to the 3′ end of the
    newly synthesized polynucleotide strand.

     DNA polymerase will only synthesize DNA in a 5’ to 3’ direction.

     DNA polymerases lack the ability to initiate a new strand and can only elongate a pre-existing
    strand.

     Unlike DNA polymerases, RNA polymerases can start new strands without any pre-existing 3’-
    OH. A special RNA polymerase, known as primase, makes the RNA primers that are responsible
    for strand initiation during DNA synthesis.
    Leading strand :

    The “leading strand” is synthesized continuously toward the replication fork as helicase unwinds the
    template double-stranded DNA. The leading strand only needs to be started once.

    Lagging strand:

    The “lagging strand” is synthesized in the direction away from the replication fork and away from the
    DNA helicase unwinds. the lagging strand is made in short sections and a new RNA primer must be
    created each time a new portion is made. DNA polymerase then builds new strands of DNA starting
    from each RNA primer
    Okazaki fragments

     Okazaki fragments are short sequences of DNA nucleotides which are synthesized
    discontinuously and later linked together by the enzyme DNA ligase.

     These are1000-2000 bases in prokaryotes

     100-200 bases in eukaryotes.


    3rd step: Termination

     Termination of DNA replication occurs when two oppositely orientated replication forks
    meet and fuse, to create two separate and complete double ‐stranded DNA molecules.

     Failure to terminate bacterial chromosome replication correctly results in chromosome


    over‐replication and genome instability.
    Which protein is used for termination of replication?

     The replication termination protein (RTP) is one of only two well-defined proteins known
    to be involved in arresting DNA replication forks.

     the other being a protein known as tus (termination utilisation substance) from E. coli.

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