Chapter 2

Descriptive Statistics:
Tabular and Graphical Displays
Nguyen Thi Lien
Faculty of Mathematical Economics, NEU
Email: [email protected]

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What are we going to learn?
• Summarizing Data For A Categorical Variable

• Summarizing Data For A Quantitative Variable

• Summarizing Data For Two Variables Using Tables

• Summarizing Data For Two Variables Using

Graphical Displays

• Data Visualization
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 Tables and Graphs for Categorical
Variables

Categorical Data

Tabulating Data Graphing Data

Frequency
Bar Chart Pie Chart Pareto
Distribution
Table Diagram

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 Tables and Graphs for Categorical
Variables
Categorical Data
Tabulating Graphing Data
Data
Frequency
Distribution Bar Chart Pie Chart Pareto
Diagram
Table

Hospital Number of Hospital Patients by Unit

Unit Patients 5000 Hospital Patients by Unit

4000
Cardiac Care 1,052 Cardiac Care
12%
Pareto Diagram: Cause of Manufacturing Defect
patients per year

60% 100%
Number of

3000 90%

Emergency 2,245 2000 Emergency

50%

40%
80%

70%

60%
Surgery
Intensive 53%
25%
30% 50%

340 1000 40%

Care
20%
30%

Intensive Care
0
20%
10%

4% 10%

Maternity 552 Maternity

Cardiac

0% 0%
Surgery
Intensive
Care

Maternity

6%
Emergency

Poor Alignment Paint Flaw Bad Weld Missing Part Cracked case Electrical Short
Care

Surgery 4,630

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 Tables and Graphs for Categorical
Variables

Categorical Data

Tabulating Data Graphing Data

Frequency
Bar Chart Pie Chart Pareto
Distribution
Table Diagram

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 Frequency & Relative
frequency
Frequency  Relative
frequency
(proportion)
Frequency = The number
of observations

Type of Type of
Customer Frequency Customer Frequency
Promotional 70 Promotional 70%
Regular 30 Regular 30%
Grand Total 100 Grand Total 100%

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 Relative frequency
distribution
Relative frequency distribution of Method of Payment

Method of Relative Percentage

Payment Frequency Frequency Frequency
Proprietary Card 70 0.7 70%
MasterCard 14 0.14 14%
Visa 10 0.1 10%
Discover 4 0.04 4%
American Express 2 0.02 2%
Total 100 1 100%

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Cumulative Relative frequency
distribution
Cumulative frequency distribution of Method of Payment

Method of Relative
Frequency Frequency Percentage Cumulative
Payment Frequency Frequency
Proprietary Card 70 0.7 70% 70%
MasterCard 14 0.14 14% 84%
Visa 10 0.1 10% 94%
Discover 4 0.04 4% 98%
American Express 2 0.02 2% 100%
Total 100 1 100% 100%

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Exercise 2.1
Companies are often interested in knowing how customers learned
about their products. They often solicit this information on mail-in
warranty cards. The customers’ responses for a particular product
were gathered and the data are presented in the pie chart below.
What percentage of respondents learned about the product through
television or the Internet?

A. 12%

B. 39%

C. 51%

D. 100%
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Cross tabulation
Number of Customers divided by gender and Method of
Payment
Gender
Method of Payment
Female Male Grand Total
American Express 2  0 2
Discover 3 1 4
MasterCard 13 1 14
Proprietary Card 67 3 70
Visa 8 2 10
Grand Total 93 7 100

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Cross tabulation
Number of Customers divided by Percentage of Customers divided by
Gender and Method of Payment Gender and Method of Payment

Gender Gender
Method of Method of
Payment Payment
Female Male Total Female Male Total
American American
Express 2  0 2 Express 2% 0% 2%
Discover 3 1 4 Discover 3% 1% 4%
MasterCard 13 1 14 MasterCard 13% 1% 14%
Proprietary Proprietary
Card 67 3 70 Card 67% 3% 70%
Visa 8% 2% 10%
Visa 8 2 10
Grand Total 93% 7% 100%
Grand Total 93 7 100
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Exercise 2.2
In a recent marketing experiment, consumers were given one of four
different types of dishwashing detergent and asked to use it for a
month. At the end of that time they were asked to rate the
detergent in terms of overall quality. What percentage of the
consumers rated their detergent fair or good?
  Averag
A. 0.490 Poor Fair Good Total
e
B. 0.410 Brand A 5 17 11 10 43
Brand B 14 26 8 18 66
C. 0.175
Brand C 10 23 11 17 61
D. 0.236
Brand D 11 19 7 5 42
Total 40 85 37 50 212

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Exercise 2.3
Of the customers who were given Brand A, what percentage
rated it poor?
A.  0.125
 
Poor Average Fair Good Total
B. 0.024
Brand A 5 17 11 10 43
C. 0.116 Brand B 14 26 8 18 66
D. 0.189 Brand C 10 23 11 17 61
Brand D 11 19 7 5 42
Total 40 85 37 50 212

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 Graphs to Describe Numerical
Variables
Numerical Data

Stem-and-Leaf
Frequency Distributions and
Display
Cumulative Distributions

Histogram Ogive

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 Graphs to Describe Numerical
Variables
Numerical Data
Frequency Distributions and Cumulative
Distributions Stem-and-Leaf
Display
Histogram Ogive
Histogram : Daily High Te m pe rature Ogive: Daily High Temperature
Stem
7
Leaves
6
6
100 6 136
5
5 4 80 7 2258
Frequency

4 3 60 8 346699
ulativePercentage

3 2 40
2 9 13368
1 20
0 0 10 3 5 6
0 0
Cum

11 4 7
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 10 20 30 40 50 60
12 2

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 Frequency Distribution Table
Age 20 – 29 30 – 39 40 – 49 50 – 59 60 – 69 Sum
Freq. 5 14 19 11 1 50
3.5

 Each class grouping should has the same width 3

2.5

Frequency
2
1.5
 Use at least 5 but no more than 15-20 intervals 1
0.5
0

4
8
12
16
20
24
28
32
36
40
44
48
52
56
60
More
 Intervals never overlap Temperature

Round up the interval width to get desirable interval

12
 10
8

Frequency
endpoints
6
4

2
0
 Determine the width of each interval 0 30
Temperature
60 More

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Frequency Distribution Table
A manufacturer of insulation randomly selects 20
winter days and records the daily high temperature

24, 35, 17, 21, 24, 37, 26, 46, 58, 30,
32, 13, 12, 38, 41, 43, 44, 27, 53, 27

Classify the data into classes with equal class width.

largest number  smallest number

w  interval width 
number of desired intervals
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 Exercise 2.4
24, 35, 17, 21, 24, 37, 26, 46, 58, 30, 32, 13, 12, 38, 41, 43, 44, 27, 53,
27
 Find the range = largest value - smallest value = 58 –12 = 46
 Identify number of classes = 46/5 = 9.2 -> Round up to 10
 Compute the interval width = 5
 Choose the smallest value - nice round boundaries and try to
avoid empty classes  Smallest value is 10
 Count observations & assign to classes
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 Exercise 2.4
24, 35, 17, 21, 24, 37, 26, 46, 58, 30, 32, 13, 12, 38, 41, 43, 44, 27, 53, 27
Temperature Frequency Temperature Frequency
10 – 20 12 – 22
20 – 30 22 – 32
30 – 40 32 – 42
40 – 50 42 – 52
50 – 60 52 – 62
Total Total

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Exercise 2.5
Consider the following frequency distributions generated by Excel.
What is the missing cumulative % value identified by asterisk?

A. 60.00%
Bin Frequency Cumulative %
B. 5.00%
12.8 1 5.00%
C. 100% 41.6 5 30.00%
70.4 6 60.00%
D. 90% 99.2 6 *
More 2 100.00%
 

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 Exercise 1.7: Tables and Graphs
Tables and Graphs for Variables in dataset:

ꙮ Type of Customer
ꙮ Method of Payment
Categorical
ꙮ Gender Variables
PelicanStores.xls
ꙮ Marital Status
± Items
Numerical
± Net Sales Variables
± Age

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