Principles of Anatomy and Physiology: 14 Edition

Principles of
Anatomy and
Physiology
14th Edition
CHAPTER 9
Joints
Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Introduction
The purpose of the chapter is to:
1. Introduce the various types of joints in the body
2. Discuss how those joints are classified
3. Learn the types of movements that can be
carried out at a joint
What is a joint?
A joint is a point of contact between:

 Two or more bones
 Cartilage and bone
 Teeth and bone
Articulations ( joints )
The area where two bones come together
( interconnect ), but not necessary can move
Immovable joints : synarthroses or bony

joints
Slightly movable : amphiarthroses or
fibrous/cartilagenous
Freely movable : diarthroses or synovial
Classification of Joints
Joints can be classified

 Structurally
 Is there a joint cavity?
 What type of connective tissue is
involved?
 Functionally
 What degree of movement is
permitted?
Classification of Joints
Anatomy Overview:
Joints
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Structural Classification of Joints
Fibrous Cartilaginous Synovial
• Sutures – dense • Synchondrosis – • Articular cartilage
fibrous CT hyaline cartilage; on ends of long
Ex. Suture no movement bones and a
• Syndesmoses – Ex. Epiphyseal plate synovial cavity
more dense • Symphysis – between
fibrous CT than a fibrocartilage; articulating bones
suture some movement surrounded by
Ex. Gomphosis Ex. Pubic symphysis accessory
• Interosseous ligaments; freely
membranes – a moveable
broad sheet of Ex. Hip, knee,
dense fibrous CT shoulder, elbow
Ex. Between radius
and ulna
Functional Classification of Joints
Synarthroses Amphiarthroses Diarthroses
• Allow no • Allow little • Freely moveable
movement movement
Ex. Suture, Ex. Pubic symphysis, Ex. Hip, knee,
gomphosis intervertebral discs shoulder, elbow
Synarthrosis
Suture – scull bones – connected by fibers
Comphosis – teeth bound to bony sockets by periodontal
ligaments
Gomphosis – two bones bound by rigid cartilagenous bridge
Synostosis – two bones are completely fused
Synchondrosis –bones fused by cartilage – the growth plate
Amphiarthrosis
Tibia and fibula
syndesmosis –
connected by a
ligament
Symphysis –bones are

separated by
fibrocartilage(pubic)
Diarthroses
The most weak joints
Bony surfaces enclosed within articular capsule
Covered by articular cartilage
Lubricated by synovial fluid
Structures include
 Menisci
 Fat pads
 Accessory ligaments
Bursa – fluid-filled packet that contains synovial fluid
Fibrous Joints
Lack a synovial cavity

Articulating bones are held together with
dense fibrous connective tissue
Permit little or no movement
Types:
 Sutures
 Syndesmoses
 Interosseous membranes
Examples of Fibrous Joints
Examples of Fibrous Joints
Cartilaginous Joints
Lack a synovial cavity

Articulating bones are held together with
cartilage connective tissue
Permit little or no movement
Types:
 Synchondroses
 Symphyses
Examples of Cartilaginous Joints
Synovial Joints
Have a synovial cavity

Articulating bones are covered with articular
cartilage, held together by ligaments,
contain synovial fluid, have a nerve and
blood supply, and are surrounded by an
articular capsule
Permit a large range of movement
Structure of a Synovial Joint
Bursae and Tendon Sheaths
Bursae and tendon sheaths can be found at

many synovial joints
 Bursae – sac-like structures filled with synovial
fluid that cushion movemnet of one body part over
another
 Tendon sheaths – tube-like bursae that wrap
around tendons subject to a great deal of friction
Types of motions permitted
Monoaxial joints – one plane of motion – elbow
Biaxial – two planes of motion – wrist
Triaxial – three planes of motion – shoulder
Dynamic motion :
Linear – carpal or tarsal ( sliding )
Angular - flexion, extension, hyperflexion
- abduction, adduction
- circumduction
Rotation
Functional classification of the
synovial joints
Gliding - clavicle and ribs
- wrist
Hinge – elbow
Pivot – atlas and axis
Ellipsoidal – radius and wrist
Saddle – concave and convex surface – thumb
Ball-and-socket – shoulder and hip
Intervertebral articulation
Gliding joints
Vertebral bodies form symphyseal joints
cushioned by intervertebral discs :
Outer anulus fibrosis and inner
nucleus pulposis – soft, elastic,
gelatinous core
Stabilized by ligaments
Types of Movement at Synovial Joints
Types of Synovial Joints
Factors Affecting Contact and Range
of Motion at Synovial Joints
Structure and shape of the articulating
bones
Strength and tautness of the joint ligaments
Arrangement and tension of the muscles
Contact of soft parts
Hormones
Disuse
Selected Joints of the Body
Temporomandibular Joint
Shoulder Joint
Shoulder Joint
Shoulder Joint
Shoulder Joint
Elbow Joint
Hip Joint
Hip Joint
Hip Joint
Knee Joint
Knee Joint
Knee Joint
Knee Joint
Aging and Joints
As we age, our joints experience:
 Decreased production of synovial fluid
 Thinning of articular cartilage
 Loss of ligament length and flexibility
Arthroplasty
 Joint replacement surgery can be performed to
counter some of the effects of aging
Arthroplasty
Arthroplasty
gout
sprain
bursitis
End of Chapter 9
Copyright 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
All rights reserved. Reproduction or translation of this
work beyond that permitted in section 117 of the 1976
United States Copyright Act without express
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programs or from the use of the information herein.

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Principles of

A joint is a point of contact between:

Immovable joints : synarthroses or bony

Joints can be classified

You must be connected to the Internet and in Slideshow Mode to

Symphysis –bones are

Lack a synovial cavity

Lack a synovial cavity

Have a synovial cavity

Bursae and tendon sheaths can be found at

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