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POISSON’S
RATIO
Strength of Materials

When an axial tensile or compressive load is applied on a body, then there is an

axial deformation appears in the length of the body.

The ratio of axial deformation to the original length of the body is called as
longitudinal strain.

It is also defined as the deformation per unit length in the direction of the applied
load.
Strength of Materials

Considered a body having length L and axial tensile load P is applied on it. There is
an increase in the length of the body in the direction of the applied load as shown
in the figure ‘a’ given below.
Let
L = Length of the body
P = Tensile load acting on the body
δL = increase in the length of the body in the direction of P
Then, longitudinal strain is given by
Strength of Materials

When an axial tensile load is applied on a body, there is an increase in the length
of the body.
But at the same time, other dimensions which are at right angles to the line of
action of the applied load decreases.

The strain which produced at right angles to the direction of the applied load is
known as lateral strain.

Consider a rectangular bar having length L, breadth b and depth d is subjected to

an axial tensile load P as shown in the figure given below.
Strength of Materials
Strength of Materials

Let
δL = increase in length 
δb = decrease in breadth, and 
δd = decrease in depth.

The lateral strain is of opposite kind i.e. if the longitudinal strain is tensile
(compressive), the lateral strain will be compressive (tensile).
Strength of Materials

So from the formula of poisson’s ratio, algebraically lateral strain can also be
expressed as

Lateral strain= -μ x Longitudinal strain

Here the minus sign is used to indicate the opposite nature of both the lateral and
longitudinal strain.
Strength of Materials

• If the longitudinal strain is tensile, then the lateral strain will be compressive.

• If the lateral strain is tensile, then the longitudinal strain will be compressive.

• A longitudinal strain in the direction of applied load is every time accompanied by

opposite lateral strain at right angle to the applied load.
Strength of Materials Poisson’s Ratio
• Poisson’s Ratio: It is defined as the ratio of lateral strain to the longitudinal strain
within elastic limit.
• when a material is loaded within elastic limit than the ratio of lateral strain to the
longitudinal strain gives us a constant called poisson’s ratio.
It is denoted by the symbol μ.

The value of poisson’s ratio varies from 0.25 to 0.33.

For rubber its value varies from 0.45 to 0.50.

Strength of Materials

• Poisson’s Ratio
Strength of Materials
Strength of Materials

• Volumetric Strain
 When a body is subjected to a single force (or a system of forces), it undergoes some changes in its dimensions.

 The change in dimensions of a body will cause some changes in its volume.

The ratio of change in volume, to the original volume, is known as volumetric strain.
MATHEMATICALLY, volumetric strain,

ℰv=∆V/V
Where,
∆V=Change in volume
V= Original volume
Strength of Materials

Though there are numerous ways, in which a force (or a system of forces) may act,
yet the following are important from the subject point of view:
1. A rectangular body subjected to an axial force.
2. A rectangular body subjected to three mutually perpendicular forces.
Strength of Materials

Volumetric strain of a rectangular body subjected to an axial force derivation

• let us consider a bar rectangular in section subjected to an axial tensile load as

shown in Fig.
• Let 𝑃 = Tensile load acting on the bar
• 𝑙 = Length of the bar
• b = breadth of the bar
• 𝜎 = thickness of the bar
• 𝐸 = Modulus of elasticity for the material of the bar
• 1/m = Poisson’s Ratio
Strength of Materials

• Prob. A steel bar 2m long, 40mm wide and 20mm thick is subjected to an axial
pull of 160KN in the direction of its length. Find the change in length, width and
thickness of the bar. Take E=200GPa and Poisson’s ratio= 0.3.
Strength of Materials

• Prob.A metal bar 50mmX50mm in section is subjected to an axial compressive

load of 500KN. If the contraction of a 200mm gauge length was found to be
0.5mm and the increase in thickness 0.04mm, find the values of young’s modulus
and Poisson’s ratio for the bar material.
Strength of Materials

• Prob.A steel bar 2m long, 20mm wide and 15mm thick is subjected to a tensile
load of 30KN. Find the increase in volume, if Poisson’s ratio is 0.25mm and
young’s modulus is 200GPa.
Strength of Materials

• Prob.A copper bar 250mm long and 50mmX50mm in cross-section is subjected to

an axial pull in the direction of its length. If the increase in volume of the bar is
37.5mm3, find the magnitude of the pull. Take m= 4 and E= 200GPa.
Strength of Materials

• Prob.A steel bar 50mm x 50mm is cross-section is 1.2m long. it is subjected to an

axial pull of 200KN. What are the changes in length, width and volume of the bar,
if the value of Poisson’s ratio is 0.3. Take E as 200GPa
Strength of Materials

• Prob.A rectangular bar 500mm long and 100mm*50mm in cross-section is

subjected to forces as shown in figure. What is the change in the volume of the
bar? Take modulus of elasticity for the bar material as 200GPa and Poisson’s ratio
as 0.25.
Strength of Materials

• Prob.A steel cube block of 50mm side is subjected to a force of 6kN (Tension),
8kN (Compression), and 4kN (Tension) along x, y and z direction respectively.
Determine the change in volume of the block. Take E as 200GPa and m as 10/3.
Strength of Materials

• What is Modulus?
• A modulus is a Numerical value. Which represents the physical property of a
material?
• What is Young’s Modulus?
• It is the modulus of elasticity. This means it is a number which represents how
easy it is to deform (stretch a material).
• When a material is stretched stress is directly proportional to strain provided it is
not stretched beyond the limit of proportionality.
• The gradient of the graph below gives us the value of young’s modulus for that
material.
Strength of Materials
Strength of Materials

•  E =
• E=   Young’s modulus =
•
• E = the young’s Modulus in pascals (Pa)
• F = Force in newtons(N)
• L = Original Length in metres(m)
• A = Area in square metres()
• Change in length metres(m)
Strength of Materials

material Young’s modulus

(GPA)

Mild steel 210

Copper 120

bronze 18

plastic 2

rubber 0.02
Strength of Materials

BULK MODULUS
• It is the relative change in the volume of a body produced by a unit compressive
or tensile stress acting uniformly over its surface.

• When a body is subjected to three mutually perpendicular stresses of equal

intensity the ratio of direct stress to the corresponding volumetric strain is known
as bulk modulus. This may also be represented by “K”.
Strength of Materials

K= _Direct stress____
Volumetric strain
Strength of Materials

Shear Modulus
• When a section is subjected to two equal and opposite forces, acting tangentially
across the resisting section.

• As a result of which the body tends to shear off across the section as shown in
figure.
• The stress induced is called shear stress. The corresponding strain is called shear
strain.
Strength of Materials

Shear Modulus
Strength of Materials

Shear Modulus
Consider a cube of length l fixed at the bottom face AB . Let a force P be applied at face DC ,
tangentially to the face AB. As a result of the force, let the cube be distorted form ABCD to
ABC1D1 through an angle Ø
Strength of Materials

Shear Modulus
It has been experimentally found that within elastic limit, shear stress is
proportional to shear strain.
Strength of Materials

RELATION BETWEEN BULK MODULUS AND YOUNG’S

MODULUS (MODULUS OF ELASTICITY)
Consider a cube ABCD, A1B1C1D1 as shown in figure. Let the cube be subjected
to three mutually perpendicular tensile stresses of equal intensity.
Let
σ = stress on the faces
L= length of the cube
E= youngs, Modulus
Now consider the deformation of one side of the cube say
(AB)
Strength of Materials

• Prob.If the values of modulus of elasticity and Poisson’s ratio for an alloy bar are
150GPa and 0.25 respectively, determine the value of bulk modulus for the alloy.
Strength of Materials

• Prob.for a given material, youngs modulus is 120 GPa and modulus of rigidity is
40 GPa. Find the bulk modulus and lateral contraction of a round bar of 50mm
diameter and 2.5m long, when stretched 2.5mm. Take poisson’s ratio as 0.25.