IKI10230

Pengantar Organisasi Komputer

Kuliah no. 04: Assembly Language
Sumber:
1. Paul Carter, PC Assembly Language
2. Hamacher. Computer Organization, ed-5
3. Materi kuliah CS61C/2000 & CS152/1997, UCB
4. Intel Architecture Software Developer’s Manual

3 Maret 2004
L. Yohanes Stefanus ([email protected])
Bobby Nazief ([email protected])

bahan kuliah: http://www.cs.ui.ac.id/kuliah/POK/

1
 Revisi Jadwal
Kuliah
TGL NO TOPIK PC Hm
11-Feb 1 Pendahuluan, Organisasi Komputer 1
18-Feb 2 Stored Program Computers 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4
25-Feb 3 Tools, Sistem Bilangan, Operasi +, - 1.1 6.1
03-Mar 4 Assembly Language 1.3
10-Mar 4,5 Assembly Language, Data Transfer Operations
17-Mar 6,7 Arithmetic & Logical Operations 2.1,3.1, 3.2
24-Mar 8,9,10 Control Structures, Array/String & FP Operations 2.2,5,6
31-Mar 11,12 The CALL and RET Instructions, Multi-module 4.3, 4.4,4.6
07-Apr 13 Interfacing Assembly with HLL, Review 4.7
14-Apr UTS
21-Apr 14 Compile-Assembly-Link-Load 1.4
28-Apr 15,16 Micro Architecture & Control Unit 7.1-7.5
05-Mei 17,18 Memori, Virtual Memory 5.1, 5.4, 5.5, 5.7
12-Mei 19,20 I/O: Polling & Interrupt, Exceptions 4.1, 4.2
19-Mei 21 Operasi Aritmatika: Mul & Div 6.3,6.6,6.7
26-Mei Review

2
REVIEW

3
Review: Pengelompokkan
Bit
° Bit String:
INTEL
• 4 bit nibble
• 8 bit byte
• 16 bit word
• 32 bit double-word
• 64 bit quad-word

° Alamat lokasi memori

• umumnya dinyatakan dengan bilangan heksa desimal
• contoh:
- lokasi memori 90 pada memori dengan ruang memori
sebesar 64K (65536 = 216) dinyatakan dengan alamat:
0x005A
- jika ruang memori sebesar 232 (4G)
0x0000005A
4
 Review: Penyimpanan data multi-byte (Little
Endian)

Alamat
int i = 90; (32 bit)
90 = 0x5A = i 00000000 0101 1010
00000001 0000 0000
0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0101 1010 00000002 0000 0000
00000003 0000 0000
j 00000004 0011 0100
00000005 0001 0010
00000006 0000 1111
00000007 0000 0000
int j = 987700;
987700 = 0x000F1234 =
0000 0000 0000 1111 0001 0010 0011 0100

FFFFFFFF

5
 Review: Two’s Complement
Numbers
0000 ... 0000 0000 0000 0000two = 0ten
0000 ... 0000 0000 0000 0001two = 1ten
0000 ... 0000 0000 0000 0010two = 2ten
...
0111 ... 1111 1111 1111 1101two = 2,147,483,645ten
0111 ... 1111 1111 1111 1110two = 2,147,483,646ten
0111 ... 1111 1111 1111 1111two = 2,147,483,647ten
1000 ... 0000 0000 0000 0000two = –2,147,483,648ten
1000 ... 0000 0000 0000 0001two = –2,147,483,647ten
1000 ... 0000 0000 0000 0010two = –2,147,483,646ten
...
1111 ... 1111 1111 1111 1101two = –3ten
1111 ... 1111 1111 1111 1110two = –2ten
1111 ... 1111 1111 1111 1111two = –1ten
° One zero, 1st bit is called sign bit
• but one negative with no positive –2,147,483,648ten
6
 Review: Sign
extension
° Convert 2’s complement number using n bits to
more than n bits
° Simply replicate the most significant bit (sign bit)
of smaller to fill new bits
•2’s comp. positive number has infinite 0s
•2’s comp. negative number has infinite 1s
•Bit representation hides leading bits;
sign extension restores some of them
•16-bit -4ten to 32-bit:

1111 1111 1111 1100two

1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1100two

7
 ARSITEKTUR INTEL X86:
DARI PANDANGAN PEMROGRAM

8
Register: most frequently accessed operand

Registers are in the datapath of the processor;

if operands are in memory, we must transfer
them to the processor to operate on them,
And then transfer back to memory when done

Computer
Processor Memory Devices

Control Input
Store
Datapath
Registers Output
Load

9
Sumber Daya Komputasi: Register & Memori

(64G)

10
Sumber Daya Komputasi: Set
Instruksi
Data Transfers memory-to-memory move
register-to-register move
memory-to-register move

Arithmetic & Logic integer (binary + decimal) or FP

Add, Subtract, Multiply, Divide
shift left/right, rotate left/right
not, and, or, set, clear

Program Sequencing & unconditional, conditional Branch

Control call, return
trap, return

Input/Output Transfers register-to-i/o device move

Synchronization test & set (atomic r-m-w)

String search, translate
Graphics (MMX) parallel subword ops (4 16bit add)

11
ORGANISASI MEMORI

12
 Flat Memory
Model

° With the flat memory model, memory appears to a

program as a single, continuous address space, called
a linear address space.
° The linear address space is byte addressable, with
addresses running contiguously from 0 to 236 - 1.
° An address for any byte in the linear address space is
called a linear address.
13
 Segmented Memory
Model

° With the segmented memory model, memory appears to a

program as a group of independent address spaces called
segments. When using this model, code, data, and stacks are
typically contained in separate segments.
° To address a byte in a segment, a program must issue a logical
address, which consists of a segment selector and an offset. The
segment selector identifies the segment to be accessed and the
offset identifies a byte in the address space of the segment.
° The programs running on an IA processor can address up to
16,383 segments of different sizes and types, and each segment
can be as large as 236 bytes.
14
 Real-Address Mode Memory Model

° The real-address mode model uses the memory model for the
Intel 8086 processor, the first IA processor (for backward
compatibility).
° The real-address mode uses a specific implementation of
segmented memory in which the linear address space for the
program and the operating system/executive consists of an array of
segments of up to 64 Kbytes in size each.
° The maximum size of the linear address space in real-address
mode is 220 bytes.
15
REGISTERS

16
x86 Registers

Program Counter (PC) 17

 General Purpose Registers

° GP Registers have additional, specific functions:

• EAX Accumulator for operands and results data.
• EBX Pointer to data in the DS segment.
• ECX Counter for string and loop operations.
• EDX I/O pointer.
• ESI Pointer to data in the segment pointed to by the DS
register; source pointer for string operations.
• EDI Pointer to data (or destination) in the segment pointed to
by the ES register; destination pointer for string operations.
• ESP Stack pointer (in the SS segment).
• EBP Pointer to data on the stack (in the SS segment).

18
Status Register: EFLAGS

19
 Status
Flags
° SF (bit 7) Sign flag
• Set equal to the most-significant bit of the result, which is the sign bit
of a signed integer. (0 indicates a positive value and 1 indicates a
negative value.)
° ZF (bit 6) Zero flag
• Set if the result is zero; cleared otherwise.
° CF (bit 0) Carry flag
• Set if an arithmetic operation generates a carry or a borrow out of the
most-significant bit of the result; cleared otherwise.
° OF (bit 11) Overflow flag
• Set if the integer result is too large a positive number or too small a
negative number (excluding the sign-bit) to fit in the destination
operand; cleared otherwise.
° PF (bit 2) Parity flag
• Set if the least-significant byte of the result contains an even number
of 1 bits; cleared otherwise.
° AF (bit 4) Adjust flag
• Set if an arithmetic operation generates a carry or a borrow out of bit 3
of the result; cleared otherwise. Used in BCD arithmetic.
20
System Flags

° IF (bit 9) Interrupt enable flag

• Controls the response of the processor to maskable interrupt requests.
Set to respond to maskable interrupts; cleared to inhibit maskable
interrupts.

° IOPL (bits 12, 13) I/O privilege level field

• Indicates the I/O privilege level of the currently running program or
task. The current privilege level (CPL) of the currently running program
or task must be less than or equal to the I/O privilege level to access
the I/O address space. This field can only be modified by the POPF
and IRET instructions when operating at a CPL of 0.

° NT (bit 14) Nested task flag

• Controls the chaining of interrupted and called tasks. Set when the
current task is linked to the previously executed task; cleared when the
current task is not linked to another task.

° VM (bit 17) Virtual-8086 mode flag

• Set to enable virtual-8086 mode; clear to return to protected mode.

21
Segment Registers

° Used to hold 16-bit segment selectors

• CS code segment
- where the instructions being executed are stored.
• DS data segment
• ES,FS,GS extra (data) segment
with possible configuration:
- one for the data structures of the current module,
- another for the data exported from a higher-level module,
- a third for a dynamically created data structure,
- a fourth for data shared with another program.
• SS stack segment

22
 Use of Segment Registers in Flat Memory
Model
° The segment registers are loaded with segment selectors
that point to overlapping segments, each of which begins
at address 0 of the linear address space.
° Typically, two overlapping segments are defined: one for
code (pointed to by CS) and another for data and stacks.

23
 Use of Segment Registers in Segmented Memory
Model
° Each segment register is ordinarily loaded with a
different segment selector so that each segment
register points to a different segment (up to 6
segments) within the linear address space.

24
Data Storage

25
Storage of Fundamental Data
Type

26
Storage of Numeric Data Type

27
PROCESSOR OPERATION MODE

28
3 Modes of
Operation
° Protected mode
• the native state of the processor
• all instructions and architectural features are available, providing the highest
performance and capability
• recommended mode for all new applications and operating systems
• the processor can use any of the memory models
• ability to directly execute “real-address mode” 8086 software in a protected,
multitasking environment: virtual-8086 mode
° Real-address mode
• provides the programming environment of the Intel 8086 processor with a few
extensions
• the processor is placed in real-address mode following power-up or a reset
• only supports the real-address mode memory model
° System management mode
• provides an operating system with a transparent mechanism for implementing
platform-specific functions such as power management and system security
• the processor enters SMM when the external SMM interrupt pin (SMI#) is
activated or an SMI is received from the advanced programmable interrupt
controller (APIC)
• in SMM, the processor switches to a separate address space while saving the
entire context of the currently running program or task
29
 Protected Mode
° a (segment) selector value is an index into a descriptor table.
° the segments are not at fixed positions in physical memory. In fact,
they do not have to be in memory at all!
° Protected mode uses a technique called virtual memory. The
basic idea of a virtual memory system is to only keep the data and
code in memory that programs are currently using.
° 16-bit:
• offsets are still 16-bit quantities. As a consequence of this, segment sizes are
still limited to at most 64K.

° 32-bit:
• offsets are expanded to be 32-bits. This allows an oset to range up to 4 billion.
Thus, segments can have sizes up to 4 gigabytes.
• segments can be divided into smaller 4K-sized units called pages.

° In Windows 3.x:
• standard mode referred to 286 16-bit protected mode
• enhanced mode referred to 32-bit mode.

° Windows 9X, Windows NT/2000/XP, OS/2 and Linux all run in

paged 32-bit protected mode.
30
Real Mode

° In real mode, memory is limited to only 1M (220) bytes.

Valid address range from 0x00000 to 0xFFFFF.
° 20-bit address is constructed using 2 16-bit values:
• The first 16-bit value is called the selector, stored in segment
register.
• The second 16-bit value is called the offset.
• The physical address referenced by a 32-bit selector:offset pair is
computed by the formula:
16*selector + offset
- multiplying by 16 in hex is easy, just add a 0 to the right of the
number
- for example, the physical addresses referenced by 047C:0048 is
given by: 047C0 + 0048 = 04808

31
Contoh program dalam real-
mode
° hello_m.asm:
1. segment .text
2. ..start:
3. mov ax,DATA
4. mov ds,ax
5. mov dx,hello
6. mov ah,9
7. int 0x21
8. ....
9. segment DATA
10. hello: db 'hello, world', 13, 10, '$‘

° debug hello_m.exe:
AX=0B3D BX=FFFF CX=FE5A DX=0000 SP=010A BP=0000 SI=0000 DI=0000
DS=0B3C ES=0B2B SS=0B3D CS=0B3B IP=000D NV UP EI PL NZ NA PO NC
0B3B:000D BA0B00 MOV DX,000B
-d ds:b
0B3C:0000 68 65 6C 6C 6F hello
0B3C:0010 2C 20 77 6F 72 6C 64 0D-0A 24 00 00 00 00 00 00 , world..$......
32
Intel x86 Assembly Program

33
 NASM Assembly-Program Format
[label:] instruction operands ; comment

° label: optional
• represents the address of memory location storing the instruction
• to be used as reference for:
1. data access
2. jump-address
° instruction:
• data transfer
• arithmetic & logic
• program sequencing & control
• i/o
• ...
° operands:
• register
• memory
• immediate
• implied
° comment
• no comment 
34
LABEL

35
Review: The Program
is ...
° lokasi instruksi
0000 0846 Add 8,4,6 ; 8  [4] + [6]
; [8] = 61 + 17 = 78
0002 1686 Sub 6,8,6 ; 6  [8] – [6]
; [6] = 78 – 17 = 61

can be represented by labels

36
Label

° Label:
• Valid characters in labels are:
- letters, numbers, _, $, #, @, ~, ., and ?
• The only characters which may be used as the first character of
an identifier are:
- letters, . (period), _, ?
- A label beginning with a single period is treated as a local
label, which means that it is associated with the previous
non-local label. So, for example:
label1 ; some code
.loop ; some more code
jne .loop
ret
label2 ; some code
.loop ; some more code
jne .loop
ret 37
 Contoh: label dalam
tugas0a.asm*
1. segment .data
2. data1db 11h
3. data2dw 2222h
4. data3dd 33333333h
5. datatmp times 9 db 0ffh

1. segment .bss
2. stacks resd 1

1. segment .text
2. global _asm_main
3. _asm_main:
4. mov eax,10 ; decimal number, value = 10
5. mov edx,eax ; register-to-register transfer
6. mov esi,data1 ; esi points to data1

1. mov al,[esi] ; indirect memory access, load 1 byte

2. mov bx,[esi] ; indirect memory access, load 1 word
3. mov ecx,[esi] ; indirect memory access, load 1 double-word
4. mov edi,[data3] ; direct memory operand 38
INSTRUCTIONS

39
 Review: Bahasa Mesin  Bahasa Rakitan

° Bahasa Mesin  kumpulan bit yang

merepresentasikan Operasi & Operand

° Bahasa Rakitan  representasi dari Bahasa Mesin

dalam bahasa (kumpulan huruf & angka) yang
lebih mudah dimengerti oleh manusia

Bahasa Mesin Bahasa Rakitan

0846: Add (8),(4),(6) 8  [4] + [6]

Register Transfer Notation

mnemonic

40
Register Transfer Notation
° Notasi yang menggambarkan proses pertukaran data yang
terjadi pada eksekusi instruksi:
• arah: dari sumber ke tujuan
• operasi: ‘+’, ‘-’, …

° Sumber/Tujuan Data:
• Register
• Memori
• I/O Device

° Nilai/content dari sumber data dinyatakan dengan

• [sumber-data]

° Contoh:
• Pertukaran data:
Move R1,LOC R1  [LOC] ; isi lokasi memori ‘Loc’ di- ;
copy-kan ke register R1
• Operasi:
Add R3,R1,R2 R3  [R1] + [R2] ; isi register R1 dijumlahkan ;
dengan isi register R2, ; hasilnya disimpan di ; register R3

41
 Review: Jumlah Operand  Kelas Set
Instruksi
° 3-address instruction
Add C,A,B ; C A] + [B]
Operation Destination,Source1,Source2
atau
Operation Source1,Source2,Destination

° 2-address instruction
Format Instruksi
Add A,B ; A A] + [B]
Operation Destination,Source Intel x86

° 1-address instruction
Load B ; acc  B
Add A ; acc acc] + [A]

° 0-address instruction
Push B ; tos B
Push A ; tos A; [next] = B
Add ; tos tos] + [next]

42
 Instruction
Format

° Ukuran instruksi [n] bervariasi: 1  n  16 byte

0, 1, 2, 3, 4 1, 2 0,1 0,1 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 0, 1, 2, 3, 4
Mod
Prefix Opcode R/M
SIB Displacement Immediate

• Prefix: (Lock, Repeat), Overrides: Segment, Operand Size, Address Size

• ModR/M: Addressing Mode
• SIB: Scale, Index, Base
• Displacement: Displacement’s Value
• Immediate: Immediate’s Value

° Konvensi: OPcode dst,src ; dst  [dst] OP [src]

° Contoh:
MOV EAX,EBX ; register
MOV EAX,[DATA] ; displacement
MOV EAX,0x10 ; immediate
REP MOV EDX,EAX ; prefix: REP
MOV EAX,[EBP+4*ESI+Offset] ; base+index*scale+displacement
...
43
OPERANDS

44
Operand Addressing

° Register
• refers to the data (content) of a register
mov eax,ebx EAX EBX
89 d8 100 100

° Immediate
• refers to a fixed value that is hard-coded into the instruction itself
mov eax,0x10
EAX
b8 10 00 00 00
0x00000010 0xb8 0x00000010
° Memory
• refers to the data (content) of a memory location
mov eax,[data] ; eax  [data] (direct memory access)
a1 d0 92 00 00 ; data is located at 0x000092d0
mov eax,[ebx] ; eax  [[ebx]] (indirect memory access)
8b 03 ; data location = [ebx]

45
 (Direct) Memory
Operand
DATA DD 0x0000FFFF

...

MOV EAX,[DATA] ; EAX  [DATA]

MOV EAX,[0x000090D0] ; EAX  [0x000090D0]

MOV EAX,[DATA]

DATA =
0x000092D0 0x0000FFFF

EAX 0x0000FFFF

46
 (Indirect) Memory
Operand
DATA DD 0x0000FFFF

...

MOV EBX,DATA ; EBX  DATA=0x000092D0

MOV EAX,[EBX] ; EAX  [[EBX]]

MOV EBX,DATA
MOV EAX,[EBX]

0x00009200

EBX 0x000092D0 0x000092D0 0x0000FFFF

EAX 0x0000FFFF

47
Register Operands
° Source and destination operands can be any of:
• 32-bit GP registers: EAX, EBX, ECX, EDX, ESI, EDI, ESP, EBP
• 16-bit GP registers: AX, BX, CX, DX, SI, DI, SP, BP
• 8-bit GP registers: AH, BH, CH, DH, AL, BL, CL, DL
• segment registers: CS, DS, SS, ES, FS, GS
• EFLAGS register
• system registers: GDTR (global descriptor table), IDTR (interrupt
descriptor table register)

° Some instructions (DIV & MUL) use quadword

operands contained in a pair of 32-bit registers.
• EDX:EAX  EDX: high-order dword, EAX: low-order dword
• Contoh:
mul ebx ; edx:eax  [eax] * [ebx]

48
 Contoh: register-operand dalam
tugas0a.asm*
1. segment .data
2. data1db 11h
3. data2dw 2222h
4. data3dd 33333333h
5. datatmp times 9 db 0ffh

1. segment .bss
2. stacks resd 1

1. segment .text
2. global _asm_main
3. _asm_main:
4. mov eax,10 ; decimal number, value = 10
5. mov edx,eax ; register-to-register transfer
6. mov esi,data1 ; esi points to data1

1. mov al,[esi] ; indirect memory access, load 1 byte

2. mov bx,[esi] ; indirect memory access, load 1 word
3. mov ecx,[esi] ; indirect memory access, load 1 double-word
4. mov edi,[data3] ; direct memory operand 49
 Immediate
Operands
° The maximum value allowed for an immediate
operand varies among instructions, but can never
be greater than the maximum value of an unsigned
doubleword integer (232).
° Numeric
• mov eax,100 ; decimal
• add eax,0a2h ; hex
• and eax,0xa2 ; hex again
• imul eax,ebx,242q ; octal
• push 01010011b ; binary

° Character
• mov eax,'abcd' a b c d

° All arithmetic instructions (except DIV & IDIV

instructions) allow the source operand to be an
immediate value.
50
 Contoh: immediate-operand dalam
tugas0a.asm*
1. segment .data
2. data1db 11h
3. data2dw 2222h
4. data3dd 33333333h
5. datatmp times 9 db 0ffh

1. segment .bss
2. stacks resd 1

1. segment .text
2. global _asm_main
3. _asm_main:
4. mov eax,10 ; decimal number, value = 10
5. mov edx,eax ; register-to-register transfer
6. mov esi,data1 ; esi points to data1

1. mov al,[esi] ; indirect memory access, load 1 byte

2. mov bx,[esi] ; indirect memory access, load 1 word
3. mov ecx,[esi] ; indirect memory access, load 1 double-word
4. mov edi,[data3] ; direct memory operand 51
Memory Operands
(1/2)
° The Effective Address of memory operands are
computed by means of a segment selector and an
offset.
° The segment selector can be specified either
implicitly or explicitly:
• the most common method of specifying a segment selector is to
load it in a segment register and then allow the processor to
select the register implicitly, depending on the type of operation
being performed.

° Default Segment Selection Rules:

• CS: instruction fetches
JMP _MAIN
• SS: stack pushes & pops; references using ESP & EBP
PUSH EAX
• DS: data references, except when relative to stack
MOV EAX,[DATA]
• ES: destination of string operations
52
 Memory Operands
(2/2)
° Offset calculation:
[Base] + [Index]*Scale factor + Displacement
• Displacement: An 8-, 16-, or 32-bit value.
• Base: the value in a general-purpose register.
• Index: the value in a general-purpose register.
• Scale factor: a value of 2, 4, or 8 that is multiplied by the index
value.

4
8

53
 Contoh: memory-operand dalam tugas0a.asm*
1. segment .data
2. data1db 11h
3. data2dw 2222h
4. data3dd 33333333h
5. datatmp times 9 db 0ffh

1. segment .bss
2. stacks resd 1

1. segment .text
2. global _asm_main
3. _asm_main:
4. mov eax,10 ; decimal number, value = 10
5. mov edx,eax ; register-to-register transfer
6. mov esi,data1 ; esi points to data1

1. mov al,[esi] ; indirect memory access, load 1 byte

2. mov bx,[esi] ; indirect memory access, load 1 word
3. mov ecx,[esi] ; indirect memory access, load 1 double-word
4. mov edi,[data3] ; direct memory operand 54
Contoh: memory-operand
[base+index*scale+disp]
struct Point {
int x;
int y;
} p[ ] = { {0,0}, {1,1} };

for (i=0; i<3; i++) {

x += p[i].x;
y += p[i].y;
}

_p dd 0, 0, 1, 1
...
mov ebx,_p
mov esi,_i
...
add eax,[ebx+8*esi+0]
add edx,[ebx+8*esi+4]
...
55
DIRECTIVES

56
SECTION or SEGMENT

° The SECTION (SEGMENT) directive changes which

section of the output file the code you write will be
assembled into.
° The Unix (coff, elf, ...) object formats, and the bin
object format, all support the standardised section
names:
• .text ; code’s segment
• .data ; (initialized) data’s segment
• .bss ; uninitialized data’s segment

57
EXTERN & GLOBAL

° EXTERN is similar to the C keyword extern: it is

used to declare a symbol which is not defined
anywhere in the module being assembled, but is
assumed to be defined in some other module and
needs to be referred to by this one
• extern _printf
• extern _sscanf,_fscanf

° GLOBAL is the other end of EXTERN: if one module

declares a symbol as EXTERN and refers to it, then
in order to prevent linker errors, some other module
must actually define the symbol and declare it as
GLOBAL. Some assemblers use the name PUBLIC for
this purpose.
° The GLOBAL directive applying to a symbol must
appear before the definition of the symbol.
• global _main
• _main: ; some code
58
 Contoh: directives dalam
tugas0a.asm*
1. segment .data
2. data1db 11h
3. data2dw 2222h
4. data3dd 33333333h
5. datatmp times 9 db 0ffh

1. segment .bss
2. stacks resd 1

1. segment .text
2. global _asm_main
3. _asm_main:
4. mov eax,10 ; decimal number, value = 10
5. mov edx,eax ; register-to-register transfer
6. mov esi,data1 ; esi points to data1

1. mov al,[esi] ; indirect memory access, load 1 byte

2. mov bx,[esi] ; indirect memory access, load 1 word
3. mov ecx,[esi] ; indirect memory access, load 1 double-word
4. mov edi,[data3] ; direct memory operand 59
PSEUDO-INSTRUCTIONS

60
DB and friends: Declaring Initialised
Data
° DB, DW, DD, DQ and DT are used to declare
initialized data in the output file.
db 0x55 ; just the byte 0x55
db 0x55,0x56,0x57 ; three bytes in succession
db 'a',0x55 ; character constants are OK
db 'hello',13,10,'$' ; so are string constants
dw 0x1234 ; 0x34 0x12
dw 'a' ; 0x41 0x00 (it's just a number)
dw 'ab' ; 0x41 0x42 (character constant)
dw 'abc' ; 0x41 0x42 0x43 0x00 (string)
dd 0x12345678 ; 0x78 0x56 0x34 0x12
dd 1.234567e20 ; floating-point constant
dq 1.234567e20 ; double-precision float
dt 1.234567e20 ; extended-precision float

61
RESB and friends: Declaring Uninitialised Data

° RESB, RESW, RESD, RESQ and REST are designed

to be used in the BSS section of a module: they
declare uninitialized storage space. Each takes a
single operand, which is the number of bytes,
words, doublewords or whatever to reserve.

buffer: resb 64 ; reserve 64 bytes

wordvar: resw 1 ; reserve a word
realarray: resq 10 ; array of ten reals

62
EQU: Defining Constants

° EQU defines a symbol to a given constant value:

when EQU is used, the source line must contain a
label. The action of EQU is to define the given label
name to the value of its (only) operand.

header_len equ 16
...
mov ecx,header_len ; eax  16

63
TIMES: Repeating Instructions or Data

° The TIMES prefix causes the instruction to be

assembled multiple times.

zerobuf: times 64 db 0
...
times 100 movsb

64
 Contoh: pseudo-instructions dalam
tugas0a.asm* .data
1. segment
2. data1 db 11h
3. data2 dw 2222h
4. data3 dd 33333333h
5. datatmp times 9 db 0ffh

1. segment .bss
2. stacks resd 1

1. segment .text
2. global _asm_main
3. _asm_main:
4. mov eax,10 ; decimal number, value = 10
5. mov edx,eax ; register-to-register transfer
6. mov esi,data1 ; esi points to data1

1. mov al,[esi] ; indirect memory access, load 1 byte

2. mov bx,[esi] ; indirect memory access, load 1 word
3. mov ecx,[esi] ; indirect memory access, load 1 dword
4. mov edi,[data3]; direct memory operand 65
EXPRESSIONS

66
Special Expressions

° NASM supports two special tokens in expressions,

allowing calculations to involve the current
assembly position: the $ and $$ tokens.
° $ evaluates to the assembly position at the
beginning of the line containing the expression;
message db 'hello, world'
msglen equ $-message
buffer: db 'hello, world'
times 64-$+buffer db ' ‘
• so you can code an infinite loop using JMP $.

° $$ evaluates to the beginning of the current section;

• so you can tell how far into the section you are by using ($-$$).

67
 Operators
° |: Bitwise OR Operator
• bitwise OR
° ^: Bitwise XOR Operator
• bitwise XOR
° &: Bitwise AND Operator
• bitwise AND
° << and >>: Bit Shift Operators
• << gives a bit-shift to the left, >> gives a bit-shift to the right
• in NASM, such a shift is always unsigned
° + and -: Addition and Subtraction Operators
• do perfectly ordinary addition and subtraction
° *, /, //, % and %%: Multiplication and Division
• * is the multiplication operator
• / is unsigned division and // is signed division
• % and %% provide unsigned and signed modulo operators
° Unary Operators: +, -, ~ and SEG
• - negates its operand
• + does nothing (it's provided for symmetry with -)
• ~ computes the one's complement of its operand
• SEG provides the segment address of its operand
68
 Contoh: expressions dalam tugas0a.asm*
1. segment .data
2. data1 db (1<<4)|1 ; [data1] = 11h
3. data2 dw 2222h
4. data3 dd 33333333h
5. datatmp times 9 db 0ffh

1. segment .bss
2. stacks resd 1

1. segment .text
2. global _asm_main
3. _asm_main:
4. mov eax,~0xEF&0xFF ; decimal number, value = 10
5. mov edx,eax ; register-to-register transfer
6. mov esi,data1 ; esi points to data1

1. mov al,[esi] ; indirect memory access, load 1 byte

2. mov bx,[esi] ; indirect memory access, load 1 word
3. mov ecx,[esi] ; indirect memory access, load 1 dword
4. mov edi,[data3]; direct memory operand 69
CONTOH PROGRAM

70
 hello.as
m
extern _printf

segment .data
the_str db "hello world", 10, 0

segment .text
global _asm_main
_asm_main:
enter 0,0
pusha

push dword the_str

call _printf ; printf(“hello world\n”)
pop eax

popa
mov eax,0 ; return back to main() – driver.c
leave
ret
71
EVALUASI TUGAS0

72
 tugas0a.asm
1. segment .data
2. data1 db 11h
3. data2 dw 2222h
4. data3 dd 33333333h
5. data4 times 16 db 0

1. mov eax,10 ; eax =

0x0000000a
2. mov ebx,10b ; ebx =
0x00000002
3. mov ecx,10h ; ecx =
0x00000010
4. mov edx,eax ; edx =
0x0000000a
1. mov esi,data1 ; esi =
0x0000c8d0; [0x0000c8d0] = 0x11, 0x22, 0x22, 0x33
1. mov al,[esi] ; eax = 0x33, 0x33, 0x33,
0xff
2. mov bx,[esi] ; ebx = 0x00000011
3. mov ecx,[esi] ; ecx = 0x00002211
4. mov edx,[data1] ; edx = 0x33222211
5. mov esi,[data2] ; esi = 0x33222211
6. mov edi,[data3] ; edi =
0x33332222
0x33333333
1. mov [data4],dl ; [data4] =
2. mov [data4],dx ; [data4] =
0x11, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00; data4=0x0000c8e0
3. mov [data4],edx ; [data4] =
0x11, 0x22, 0x00, 0x00 73