CII3D4

SISTEM PARALEL DAN TERDISTRIBUSI

Materi 2:
Model Sistem Terdistribusi
Outline Today
• System Model
• Physical Model
• Architectural Model
• Fundamental Model

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Difficulties on Distributed System (DS)
a) Widely varying modes of use
 have special requirements
b) Wide range of system environments
 accommodate heterogeneous hardware
c) Internal problems
 Non-synchronized clocks

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System Models in DS
• Should be designed to function correctly in the widest
possible range of circumstances and in the face of many
possible difficulties and threats.
• How the properties and design issues of distributed systems
can be captured and discussed through the use of descriptive
models ?
• Each type of model is intended to provide an abstract,
simplified but consistent description of a relevant aspect of
distributed system design.

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System Models
By a model we mean a representation of a group of
objects or ideas in some form other than that of the
entity itself.
By a system we mean a group or collection of
interrelated elements that cooperate to accomplish
some stated objective.

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DS Models
1) Physical Models
 types of computers and devices that constitute a system
and their interconnectivity, without details of specific
technologies
2) Architectural Models
 the computational and communication tasks performed by
its computational elements
3) Fundamental Models
 describe solutions to individual issues faced by most
distributed systems
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1. Physical Models
 A physical model is a representation of the underlying
hardware elements of a distributed system that abstracts away
from specific details of the computer and networking
technologies employed
 Baseline physical model: from definition - set of computer
nodes interconnected by a computer network for the required
passing of messages
 Generation:
 Early DS : ‘70s-’80s  LAN
 Internet-scale DS : ’90  Internet
 Contemporary DS : Now  Mobile Computing

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Generation of DS

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2. Architectural Models
 Its structure in terms of separately specified components and their
interrelationships
 The overall goal is to ensure that the structure will meet present and
likely future demands on it.
 Major concerns are to make the system reliable, manageable, adaptable
and cost-effective
 The section adopts a three-stage approach:
a) Architectural elements : looking at the core
b) Architectural patterns : examining composite architectural
c) considering middleware platforms

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a. Architectural Elements
 Communicating entities : Objects, Components, and Web
services.
 Communication paradigms : interprocess communication,
remote invocation, and indirect communication.
 Roles and responsibilities : Client-server, Peer-to-peer
 Placement : mapping of services to multiple servers, caching
(Cache server), mobile code (stockbroker), and mobile agents
(accessing individual database).

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Communicating Entities
●
What is communicating? Processes
– Nodes
– Threads

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Programming Perspective
●
Object: a computation consists of a number of
interacting objects representing natural units of
decomposition for the given problem domain
●
Component: specify not only their interfaces but also the
assumptions they make in terms of other
components/interfaces that must be present for a
component to fulfill its function
●
Web service: web services are intrinsically integrated
into the World Wide Web, using web standards to
represent and discover services

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Communication Paradigms
●
Interprocess Communication: relatively low-level
support for communication between processes in
distributed systems
●
Remote Invocation: techniques based on a two-
way exchange between communicating entities in
a distributed system and resulting in the calling of
a remote operation, procedure or method
●
Indirect Communication

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Interprocess Communication
●
Socket: Combination of IP and Port
●
Multicast: send to group
●
Message Passing

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Remote Invocation
●
Request-reply: pairwise exchange of messages from
client to server and then from server back to client, with the first
message containing
an encoding of the operation to be executed at the server and also
an array of bytes
holding associated arguments and the second message
containing any results of the
operation, again encoded as an array of bytes
●
RPC: procedures in processes on remote computers can be called
as if they are procedures in the local address space
●
RMI: strongly resembles remote procedure calls but in a world of
distributed objects

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Indirect Communication
●
Group communication
●
Publish-subscribe
●
Message queue
●
Tuple space
●
DSM

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Roles
●
Client-server
●
Peer-to-peer

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Entities and Paradigms Summary

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b. Architectural Patterns
• Layering : a complex system is partitioned into a number of
layers, with a
given layer making use of the services offered by the layer
below.
• Tiered architecture : a technique to organize functionality
of a given layer and place this functionality into
appropriate servers and, as a secondary consideration, on
to physical nodes.
• Other commonly occurring patterns : proxy, brokerage,
reflection
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SW and HW Service Layers

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Tier

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Other
• Proxy: to support location transparency in remote procedure calls or
remote method invocation. With this approach, a proxy is created in
the local address space to represent the remote object. This proxy
offers exactly the same interface as the remote object, and the
programmer makes calls on this proxy object and hence does not need
to be aware of the distributed nature of the interaction
• Brokerage: supporting interoperability in potentially complex
distributed infrastructures
• Reflection: supporting both introspection (the dynamic discovery of
properties of the system) and intercession (the ability to dynamically
modify structure or behavior)

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c. Associated Middleware
The task of middleware :
 to provide a higher-level programming abstraction for the
development of distributed systems and,
 through layering, to abstract over heterogeneity in the
underlying infrastructure to promote interoperability and
portability.

• Categories of middleware (SunRPC)

• Limitations of middleware (a database of names and
addresses)

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3. Fundamental Models
The purpose of such a model is:
• To make explicit all the relevant assumptions about the
systems we are modelling.
• To make generalizations concerning what is possible or
impossible, given those assumptions.

Model:
• Interaction: Computation occurs within processes;
• Failure: a fault occurs in any of the computers;
• Security: to attack by both external and internal agents.

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a. Interaction model
Two significant factors affecting interacting processes in a DS:
 Communication performance is often a limiting characteristic.
 It is impossible to maintain a single global notion of time.

• Performance of communication channels : Delay, bandwidth, and

jitter.
• Computer clocks and timing events : NTP with GPS
• Two variants of the interaction model : Synchronous DS and
Asynchronous DS.
• Event ordering : sending or receiving a message

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Interaction
●
Synchronous
– Bounded time to execute
– Bounded delay
– Bounded clock drift
●
Asynchronous
– Undetermined time to execute
– Undetermined delay
– Undetermined clock drift
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b. Failure model
The ways in which failure may occur in order to provide an
understanding of the effects of failures.

• Omission failures : Process omission failures and

Communication omission failures
• Arbitrary failures : takes unintended processing steps
• Timing failures : process execution time
• Masking failures : hiding it altogether
• Reliability of one-to-one communication : validity and
integrity

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Communication Model

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Summary of Failure Model

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Reliable Channel
●
Validity: Any message in the outgoing
message buffer is eventually delivered to
the incoming message buffer.
●
Integrity: The message received is
identical to one sent, and no messages
are delivered twice

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c. Security model
Securing the processes and the channels used for their
interactions and by protecting the objects that they encapsulate
against unauthorized access.

• Protecting objects : manages a collection of objects.

• Securing processes and their interactions : handle financial
transactions, confidential or classified information.
• The enemy : capable of sending, reading, and copying.
• Defeating security threats : Cryptography and Authentication.
• Other possible threats from an enemy : DoS

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THANK YOU