Tocuta Hole of Circular Cross-Section in Solid Materials

Drilling
• Drilling is a machining process that uses a drill bit to cut a

hole of circular cross-section in solid materials.
• Creates a round hole in a workpiece
Two hole types: (a) through hole and (b) blind hole
Drilling
• Contrasts with boring which can only

enlarge an existing hole
• Cutting tool called a drill or drill bit
• Customarily performed on a drill press
Fig. (b) drilling

Drilling
• The bit is pressed against the workpiece and rotated at
rates from hundreds to thousands of revolutions per
minute to remove the material, with the material removal
rate as,
D = the drill diameter
fr = feed rate,
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Drilling
Through Holes vs. Blind Holes
Through‑holes - drill exits the opposite side of work
Blind‑holes – drill does not exit work on opposite side
Fig. Two hole types: (a) through‑hole, and (b) blind hole
Drilling
Machining operations
related to drilling:
(a) reaming
(b) tapping
(c) Counter boring
(d) countersinking
(e) center drilling
(f) spot facing
Drilling
Reaming
Used to slightly enlarge a hole,
provide better tolerance on
diameter, and improve surface
finish
Fig.(a)Reaming
Drilling
Tapping
• Used to provide internal
screw threads on an existing
hole
• Tool called a tap
Fig. (b) tapping

Drilling
Counter boring
Provides a stepped hole, in which a
larger diameter follows a smaller
diameter partially into the hole
(process of enlarging a drilled hole
for a portion of length)
Fig. (c) Counter boring

Drilling
Counter sinking
• Used to provide conical hole cut into workpiece
Center drilling
• Used to make centers in the workpiece
Spot facing
• Used to smoothing and squaring the surface at the end
of a hole.
Drill Press
• Drilling is generally performed on a drill press,

although other machine tools also perform
this operation
• Types of Drill Press:
• Upright Drill (Stands on the floor)
• Bench Drill (Mounted on a table/bench)
• Radial Drill (For large workparts)
• Gang Drill (Multiple Upright Drills connected
together)
Milling
• Milling is a machining operation in which a workpart is fed past a rotating
cylindrical tool with multiple cutting edges
• The axis of rotation of the cutting tool is perpendicular to the direction of
feed
• The cutting tool in milling is called a milling cutter and the cutting edges
are called teeth.
• Creates a planar surface
• Machine tool is called a milling machine
Types of Milling Operations
Peripheral milling
• Cutter axis is parallel to surface being machined
Face milling
• Cutter axis is perpendicular to surface being milled
Peripheral Milling Operations
Peripheral milling: (a) slab milling, (b) slotting, (c) side milling,
(d) straddle milling, and (e) form milling
Slab Milling
The basic form of peripheral milling in which the
cutter width extends beyond the workpiece on
both sides
Fig. Slab milling

Slotting
• Width of cutter is less than work piece width, creating a
slot in the work
Fig. (b) Slotting

Face Milling Operations
Face milling:
(a) Conventional face
milling
(b) partial face milling
(c) end milling
(d) profile milling
(e) pocket milling
(f) Surface contouring.
Conventional Face Milling

Cutter overhangs work on both
sides
Fig.(a) conventional face milling

End Milling
Cutter diameter is less
than work width, so a
slot is cut into part
Fig. (c) end milling

Profile Milling
Form of end milling in which
the outside periphery of a
flat part is cut
Fig. (d) profile milling

Pocket Milling
Pocket milling is used to mill
shallow pockets into flat
parts
Fig. (e) pocket milling

Surface Contouring
Ball‑nose cutter is fed back and forth
across the work along a curvilinear
path at close intervals to create a
three dimensional surface form
Fig. (f) surface contouring

Milling Machines
• Milling is a machining process where

the cutting tool carries out a rotary
motion and the workpiece a
rectilinear motion
• The process is used to machine
external surfaces, slots, and
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contoured surfaces using multi
toothed milling cutters
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Milling Machines
• Milling machines must provide a rotating spindle for the cutter and a table for
fastening, positioning, and feeding the workpart
• Horizontal milling machine has a horizontal spindle, and this design is well
suited for performing peripheral milling (e.g., slab milling, slotting, side and
straddle milling)
• Vertical milling machine has a vertical spindle, and this orientation is
appropriate for face milling, end milling, surface contouring on relatively flat
workparts

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Drilling

• Drilling is a machining process that uses a drill bit to cut a

• Contrasts with boring which can only

Fig. (b) drilling

Fig. (b) tapping

Fig. (c) Counter boring

• Drilling is generally performed on a drill press,

Fig. Slab milling

Fig. (b) Slotting

Conventional Face Milling

Fig.(a) conventional face milling

Fig. (c) end milling

Fig. (d) profile milling

Fig. (e) pocket milling

Fig. (f) surface contouring

• Milling is a machining process where

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