Pile Foundations: MR Mohd Faiz B Mohammad Zaki

PILE FOUNDATIONS
Mr MOHD FAIZ B MOHAMMAD ZAKI

INTRODUCTION
• Piles are used to transfer structural load to a
competent soil or rock layer at depth when
surface layer is not adequate or not
economically feasible to use .
• Pile foundations, which are deep and normally

cost more than shallow foundations.
CONT…
• Despite the cost, the use of piles often is
necessary to ensure structural safety.
• They are differentiated from footing foundations

in that the ratio of the depth of the foundation to
the size of the pile is greater than four .
• The following list identifies some of the

conditions that require pile foundations (Vesic,
1977):
CONT…
• When one or more upper soil layers are

highly compressible and too weak to
support the load transmitted by the
superstructure.
CONT…
• When bedrock is not encountered at a
reasonable depth below the ground
surface, piles are used to transmit the
structural load to the soil gradually.
CONT…
• When subjected to horizontal forces, pile

foundations resist by bending, while still
supporting the vertical load transmitted by
the superstructure.
CONT…
• In many cases, expansive and collapsible
soils may be present at the site of a
proposed structure .Expansive soils swell
and shrink as their moisture content
increases and decreases, and the
pressure of the swelling can be
considerable.
CONT…
• If shallow foundations are used in such
circumstances, the structure may suffer
considerable damage. However, pile
foundations may be considered as an
alternative when piles are extended
beyond the active zone, which is where
swelling and shrinking occur.
CONT…
• The foundations of some structures, such
as transmission towers, offshore
platforms, and basement mats below the
water table , are subjected to uplifting
forces. Piles are sometimes used for these
foundations to resist the uplifting force
CONT…
• Bridge abutments and piers are usually
constructed over pile foundations to avoid
the loss of bearing capacity that a shallow
foundation might suffer because of soil
erosion at the ground surface.
PILE CATEGORIES
• Pile may be categorized based on some
characteristics such as material forming
the pile, transverse and longitudinal
sections, installation method, and load
transmission.
CONT…
• Based on pile material , there are timber
pile , steel pile , concrete pile (pre –cast,
cast-in-situ, pre-cast, pre- stressed) , and
composite pile i.e. combination of timber
and concrete or steel and concrete or steel
and timber.
CONT…
• Table shows the design load and
allowable length of pile based on material
TIMBER PILE
• Timber piles are tree trunks that have their
branches trimmed off carefully. This pile cannot
withstand hard-driving stress, therefore; the pile
capacity is usually limited.
• Timber pile is highly durable when embedded in

saturated soil but deteriorate easily when
subjected to change in moisture.
STEEL PILE
• Steel piles are selected when load is high, but
steel pile may be subjected to corrosion. These
members are usually comes in H or pipe piles .
• Pipe piles are often filled with concrete after

driving although this may not be necessary.
Steel pile may withstand hard driving condition.
CONCRETE PILE
• Concrete piles can be classified as
pre-cast and cast-in-situ concrete
piles.
• Precast concrete pile is made of

reinforced concrete which may be
pre-stressed to provide high capacity.
CONT…
• Pre-stressed concrete are formed by tensioning
high strength steel cable to some value between
0.5 and 0.7 the ultimate strength of the steel and
casting the concrete pile about the cable. High
strength concrete is to be used for pre-stressed
piles .
CONT…
• Cast-in-situ concrete piles are created by filling a
drilled hole with concrete.
• The hole can be cased or uncased. A bulb or

expanded based can be formed by dropping a
hammer on the fresh concrete to provided larger
contact area at the base.
CONT…
CLASSIFICATIONOF PILES
• There are two methods of classifying the
pile foundations:
– by the way in which they transmit their load to

the ground, and
– by the way in which they are installed.

Classification Based on Load
Transmission
• The load of a structure may be transmitted
to the ground by end bearing and friction
piles.
• In most cases, piles work on a

combination of the two principles.
CONT…
• In order to classify a pile, which principle is

the more prominent in a particular case
must be determined.
END BEARING PILES
• End bearing piles transfer the load directly to the pile
base which rests on a reatively firm soil such as rock,
very dense sand or gravel and the base of the pile bears
the load of the structure.
• The load of the structure is transmitted through the pile

into this firm soil.
FRICTION PILE
• Friction piles transmit the load of the structure to
the penetrable soil by means of skin friction or
cohesion between the soil and the embedded
surface of the pile
• It is more likely to predominate in clays and silts.

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PILE FOUNDATIONS

Mr MOHD FAIZ B MOHAMMAD ZAKI

• Pile foundations, which are deep and normally

• They are differentiated from footing foundations

• The following list identifies some of the

• When one or more upper soil layers are

• When subjected to horizontal forces, pile

• Timber pile is highly durable when embedded in

• Pipe piles are often filled with concrete after

• Precast concrete pile is made of

• The hole can be cased or uncased. A bulb or

– by the way in which they transmit their load to

– by the way in which they are installed.

• In most cases, piles work on a

• In order to classify a pile, which principle is

• The load of the structure is transmitted through the pile

• It is more likely to predominate in clays and silts.

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