TEACHING

ON
COMMUNICATION
PROFESSOR
PRESENTED
BY:REKHA
KUMARI,ASSISTANT
 INTRODUCTION
Communication refers to the reciprocal exchange of information, ideas,
beliefs, feelings and attitudes between persons or among a group of persons.
It is a goal directed process.
It refers to the countless ways that humans have of keeping in touch with
one another.
It is a process necessary to pave way for desired changes in human behavior
& to provide information to others to achieve predetermined goals .
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Communication and education are interrelated.
Communication strategies can enhance learning.
The ultimate goal of communication is to bring about a change in
the desired direction of person who receives the communication.
 MEANING
The word ‘communication’ is derived from Latin word ‘communicare’
meaning “to share”.

Communication is the meaningful exchange of information between two

or more living creatures.
 DEFINITIONS
Paul leagens defined, communication as a process by which two or more
people exchange ideas, facts, feelings or impressions in ways that each gains
common understanding of meaning, intent and use of a message.

“Communication is a process through which individuals mutually

exchange their ideas, values, thoughts, feelings and actions between one or
more people.”
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“Communication is a transfer of information from the sender to the
receiver so that it is understood in its right context.’”

“Communication is the process of initiating, transmitting and receiving

information & receiving information.”
“Communication is the means of making the transfer of information
productive and goal oriented.”
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“Communication is the process of sharing information, ideas and attitudes
between individuals.”

“Communication is the interactive process of transmitting information

between two or more entities.”
 WHY WE NEED
COMMUNICATION ?
PURPOSES OF COMMUNICATION

To exchange ideas, beliefs

To bring change in behavior in desired direction .

To regulate behavior & influence people .

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To provide information & Instructions.

To build healthy relationship.

To acquire new skills.

ELEMENTS OR
COMPONENTS
OF
COMMUNICAT
ION
 Sender
 Receiver
 Message
 Context
(channel of
communication)
 feedback
TYPES OF
COMMUNI
CATION
 Verbal communication

It occurs through the medium of words

spoken or written.
It is the traditional way of
communication.
It conveys factual information accurately
and effectively.
But it is less effective means of expression.
 It involves all five senses and whole range of
Click icon to add picture bodily movements

Non verbal communication

Communication is one way from communicator to audience.
Drawbacks of one way communication
No feedback
Information is imposed
Learning is authoritative
Little participation
Uncertain whether influence human behavior or not
 TWO WAY COMMUNICATION

Two way communication is that method in which both

the communicator and audience take part. Audience
may ask questions. Learning process is active &
Formal and informal
communication
visual communication

Click icon to add picture

Visual form of communication is charts,

graphs, pictograms, tables, maps, posters etc.
 Telecommunication is the
process of communication over
distance using electromagnetic
instrument designed for the
purpose of mass
communication and point to
point communication
 Levels of
communication
 Intrapersonal Interpersonal
communication communication
Levels
of
commun
ication
Small group Organizational
communication communication
 Intrapersonal communication

It is the communication that happens within an

individual or self talk. This communication is crucial
because it affects the person’s behavior.
 Interpersonal communication

It occur when two or

more people interact and
exchange their messages
or ideas with each other.
 Small group communication

It occurs when nurses have

interaction with two or more
individuals either face to face or
through a medium like a
conference call.
Organizational communication
It occurs when
individuals and
groups within an
organization
communicate to
achieve the
established goal
 PROCESS OF
COMMUNICATION
Process of communication
Models of
communic
ation
 Models of communication
Models of communication refers to the conceptual model used to explain
the human communication process.
The first major model for communication came in 1949 by CLAUDE
ELWOOD SHANNON and WARREN WEAVER for bell laboratories
following the basic concept, communication is the process of sending and
receiving messages or transferring information from one part(sender) to
another(receiver).
Communication code scheme

sour recei sour recei

ce ver ce ver
 LINEAR COMMUNICATION MODEL/
SHANNON & WEAVER MODEL
The original model was designed to mirror the functioning of radio &
telephone technologies. Their initial model consisted of three primary parts:
sender, channel, and receiver. The sender was
the part of a telephone a person spoke into,
the channel was the telephone itself, and
the receiver was the part of the phone where
one could hear the other person.
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The strengths of this model are simplicity, generality, and quantifiability.
Social scientists Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver structured this model based on
the following elements:
• An information source, which produces a message.
• A transmitter, which encodes the message into signals
• A channel, to which signals are adapted for transmission
• A receiver, which 'decodes' (reconstructs) the message from the signal.
• A destination, where the message arrives.
 criticism
Daniel Chandler critiques the transmission model by stating:
It assumes communicators are isolated individuals.
No allowance for differing purposes.
No allowance for differing interpretations.
No allowance for unequal power relations.
No allowance for situational contexts.
 DAVID BERLO MODEL/
SMCR MODEL
• In 1960, David Berlo expanded on Shannon and Weaver's (1949) linear
model of communication and created the SMCR Model of Communication .
The Sender-Message-Channel-Receiver Model of communication separated
the model into clear parts and has been expanded upon by other scholars.
• Barlo in his book describes the process of communication under four
headings, named as the ‘SMCR’ model. (S-source, M-message, C- channel
and R-receiver)
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 Interactive model
• It is two linear models stacked on top of each other. The sender channels a message
to the receiver and the receiver then becomes the sender and channels a message to
the original sender. This model has added feedback, indicates that communication
is not a one way but a two way process. It also has “field of experience” which
includes our cultural background, ethnicity geographic location, extend of travel,
and general personal experiences accumulated over the course of your lifetime.
Draw backs – there is feedback but it is not simultaneous. For example – instant
messaging. The sender sends an IM to the receiver, then the original sender has to
wait for the IM from the original receiver to react. Or a question/answer session
where you just ask a question then you get an answer..
Interactive model
 Transactional model
It assumes that people are connected through communication; they engage
in transaction. First, it recognizes that each of us is a sender-receiver, not
merely a sender or a receiver. Secondly, it recognizes that communication
affects all parties involved. So communication is fluid/simultaneous
 COMMUNICATION THEORY
Theory of communication is helpful to examine
Mechanistic
communication and communication theory
psychological
has following viewpoints:
Social constructionist

systemic

critical
 TECHNIQUES OF EFFECTIVE
COMMUNICATION
Although human is involved in communication
virtually in all working moments, the
therapeutic use of communication
requires training and practice
to develop the skills.
 Conversational skill
Conversation or the exchange of verbal communication is a social interaction, as
social beings, human start learning from childhood, how to converse with others.
For more effective communication, the following things have to be taken
care of:
Control the tone of your voice so that you are conveying exactly what you mean
to say & not a hidden message.
Be knowledgeable about the topic of conversation and have an accurate
information.
continue,……….
Be flexible.
Be clear and concise
Avoid words that may be interpreted differently
Keep an open mind
Take advantage of availing opportunity.
 Listening skill
Listening is a skill that involves both hearing and interpreting what others say.
It required attention and concentration to sort out, evaluate and validate clues in
order to understand better the true meaning of what is being said.
Following recommended techniques may help to improve listening skill:
Whenever possible sit with person. During communication, do not cross your arms
or legs because that body language conveys a message of being closed.
Be alert but relaxed and take sufficient time so that the patient feels at ease during
the conversation.
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Keep the conversation as natural as possible and avoid being overly eager.
If culturally appropriate, maintain eye contact with the person.
Indicate that you are paying attention to what the person is saying by using
appropriate facial expressions and body gestures.
Think before feedback.
 Maintain silence
Silence during communication can carry variety of meanings.
It provides the opportunity to communicator to explore his or her inner
thoughts or feelings comfortably.

No single technique is complete, one should have

combination of all these techniques in communication
skills.
 Physical
barriers

Physiological
barriers

Perceptual
barriers

Psychological
barriers

Cultural
barriers

Language
barriers

Gender
barriers

Interpersonal
barriers

Muddled
message

stereotyping

Wrong
channel

Lack of
feedback

Passive and
selective listening
Physical barriers
Physical distraction is the physical thing that
get in the way of communication. E.g.
Physical distance
Telephone ring
Desks
Uncomfortable meeting place
Noise
Physiological barriers
Vision defects, hearing
problem, ear problem, poor
attention, low level of
intelligence are the
physiological barriers.
Before starting
communication make use of
hearing aids, spectacles etc.
Perceptual barriers
The problem of communication with others is
that we all see the world differently. If we didn’t
we would have no need to communicate and
when the assumptions made are wrong
and can lead towards a failure towards
wrong directions or in undesired actions.
Psychological barriers

One of the chief barriers to open and free

communication is the emotional/ psychological
barrier. It is comprised mainly of fear, worry,
anxiety, suspicion, aggression etc.
Cultural barriers
When we join a group and wish to remain in it,
sooner or later we need to adopt the behavior
patterns of the group.
Every culture has its own symbol of behavior.
If these symbols are not understood by an
individual then there is a barrier in their
communication.
Language barriers
Language is a vehicle for
communication. Language
describes what we want to say.
Content, poor pronunciation,
fluency & vocabulary may hinder
the communication process. Even
complex words which are difficult
to interpret also causes of
communication barrier.
Gender barriers
There are distinct differences between the speech patterns in a man & women.
Women speaks between 22000-25000 words a day whereas man speaks
between 7000-10000 words a day. Girls hesitate to talk with boys than females
but male don’t hesitate.
Muddled message

Effective communication starts with clear

message. Muddled message is a barrier to
communication because the sender leaves
the receiver unclear about the intent of the
sender. Clarifying muddled message is the
responsibility of the sender.
Other communication barriers are:
Interpersonal barriers
Stereotyping
Wrong channel
Lack of feedback
Passive and selective listening.
13
METHODS OF OVERCOMING FROM BARRIERS
Have a positive attitude about communication.
Work at improving communication skills.
Include communication as a skill to be evaluated along with all other skills.
Make communication goal oriented.
Approach communication as a creative process.
Accept the reality of miscommunication.
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Warmth and friendliness.
Openness and respect.
Empathy
Comfortable environment.
Listen & observe without interrupting.
Correlate the verbal and nonverbal communication.
 SUMMARY
Communication is expression of one’s ideas mainly with a view to influence
others.
The communication process starts with a sender who has a message for a
receiver.
Two or more people are always involved in a communication.
Sender have the responsibility of the message.
Appropriate channel should be used to send message.
Continue…….
Feedback is the receiver’s response to the attempt by the sender to send the
message.
Effect on the receiver completes the communication process.
Barriers of communication should be avoided.
Use of combination of techniques in communication skills enhance good
communication.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY
Dinesh Kumar sharma. Communication and educational technology. Lotus publisher. 2 nd
edition. Pp 1-13
I clement. Basic concepts of community health nursing. Jaypee brothers medical publishers
(p)ltd. 2nd edition. Pp 105-107
BT Basavanthapa.community health nursing. Jaypee brothers medical publishers. 2 nd edition.
Pp 235-236
http//;www.wikipedia.com
http//;www.google.com
http//;www.slideshare.com
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