Anatomi Kelenjar Endokrin

 (hip
ofis
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Pituitary Gland

 The pituitary gland, or hypophysis, is an

endocrine gland about the size of a pea and
weighing 0.5 g , in humans.
 It is a protrusion off the bottom of the
hypothalamus at the base of the brain, and
rests in a small, bony cavity (sella turcica)
covered by a dural fold (diaphragma sellae).
 The pituitary is functionally connected to the
hypothalamus by the median eminence via a
small tube called the infundibular stem (
Pituitary stalk).
 The pituitary fossa, in which the pituitary
gland sits, is situated in the sphenoid bone in
the middle cranial fossa at the base of the
brain.
 The pituitary gland consists of two
components: the anterior pituitary (or
adenohypophysis) and the posterior pituitary
(or neurohypophysis), and is functionally
linked to the hypothalamus by the
pituitary stalk (also named the "infundibular
stem", or simply the "infundibulum")
 The anterior pituitary synthesizes and secretes the following important endocrine hormones:
 Somatotropins:
Growth hormone (also referred to as 'Human Growth Hormone', 'HGH' or 'GH' or somatotropin), released under
influence of hypothalamic Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone (GHRH); inhibited by hypothalamic Somatostatin
 Thyrotropins:
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), released under influence of hypothalamic Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone (TRH)
 Corticotropins:
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), released under influence of hypothalamic Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone
(CRH)
Beta-endorphin, released under influence of hypothalamic Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone (CRH)[3]
 Lactotropins:
Prolactin (PRL), also known as 'Luteotropic' hormone (LTH), released under influence of multiple hypothalamic
Prolactin-Releasing Factors (PRH) including dopamine, estrogen, progesterone and thyrotropin-releasing hormone.
 Gonadotropins:
Luteinizing hormone (also referred to as 'Lutropin' or 'LH' or, in males, 'Interstitial Cell-Stimulating Hormone' (ICSH))
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), both released under influence of Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH)
 Melanotrophins
Melanocyte–stimulating hormones (MSHs) or "intermedins," as these are released by the pars intermedia, which is
"the middle part"; adjacent to the posterior pituitary lobe, pars intermedia is a specific part developed from the anterior
pituitary lobe.
 The posterior pituitary stores and secretes the
following important endocrine hormones:
 Magnocellular Neurons:
1. Oxytocin, most of which is released from the
paraventricular nucleus in the hypothalamus
2. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH, also known as
vasopressin and AVP, arginine vasopressin),
the majority of which is released from the
supraoptic nucleus in the hypothalamus
 Artery superior hypophyseal artery,
infundibular artery, prechiasmal artery,
inferior hypophyseal artery, capsular artery,
artery of the inferior cavernous sinus[
Thyroid Gland

 The thyroid gland is a butterfly-shaped organ

and is composed of two cone-like lobes or
wings, lobus dexter (right lobe) and lobus
sinister (left lobe), connected via the isthmus
 The organ is situated on the anterior side of
the neck, lying against and around the larynx
and trachea, reaching posteriorly the
oesophagus and carotid sheath.
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 It starts cranially at the oblique line on the
thyroid cartilage (just below the laryngeal
prominence, or 'Adam's Apple'), and extends
inferiorly to approximately the fifth or sixth
tracheal ring
 The thyroid gland is covered by a fibrous sheath, the capsula
glandulae thyroidea, composed of an internal and external
layer. The external layer is anteriorly continuous with the
lamina pretrachealis fasciae cervicalis and posteriorolaterally
continuous with the carotid sheath.
The gland is covered anteriorly with infrahyoid
muscles and laterally with the sternocleidomastoid muscle.
 On the posterior side, the gland is fixed to the cricoid and
tracheal cartilage and cricopharyngeus muscle by a
thickening of the fascia to form the posterior suspensory
ligament of Berry.
 The thyroid isthmus is variable in presence
and size, can change shape and size, and can
encompass a cranially extending pyramid
lobe (lobus pyramidalis or processus
pyramidalis), remnant of the thyroglossal
duct
 The thyroid is supplied with arterial blood from the
superior thyroid artery, a branch of the
external carotid artery, and the inferior thyroid artery,
a branch of the thyrocervical trunk, and sometimes by
the thyroid ima artery, branching directly from the
brachiocephalic trunk.
 The venous blood is drained via superior thyroid veins
, draining in the internal jugular vein, and via
inferior thyroid veins, draining via the plexus
thyroideus impar in the left brachiocephalic vein.
 Lymphatic drainage passes frequently the
lateral deep cervical lymph nodes and the
pre- and parathracheal lymph nodes.

 The gland is supplied by parasympathetic

nerve input from the superior laryngeal nerve
and the recurrent laryngeal nerve.
Parathyroid gland
 The parathyroid glands are four or more small glands,
about the size of a grain of rice, located on the posterior
surface (back side) of the thyroid gland.

 The parathyroid glands usually weigh between 25mg

and 40mg in humans.

 The two parathyroid glands on each side which are

positioned higher (closer to the head) are called the
superior parathyroid glands, while the lower two are
called the inferior parathyroid glands
The Endocrine Glands & their Hormones

Parathyroid Gland

-Parathyroid Hormone

Raises Blood Calcium

(antagonize Calcitonin)

This hormone acts on bone, kidney

and the gut
 glandula parathyroidea inferior, glandula
parathyroidea superior
 Artery superior thyroid artery,
inferior thyroid artery, Vein superior thyroid vein
, middle thyroid vein, inferior thyroid vein,
 Nerve middle cervical ganglion,
inferior cervical ganglion
 Lymph petracheal, prelaryngeal,
jugulo-diagastric,and lympahtics of thymus
 Parathyroid glands control the amount of
calcium in the blood and within the bones.
Pineal gland
 The pineal gland (also called the pineal body, epiphysis
cerebri, epiphysis, conarium or the "third eye") is a small
endocrine gland in the vertebrate brain.

 It produces the serotonin derivative melatonin, a hormone

that affects the modulation of wake/sleep patterns.
 Its shape resembles a tiny pine cone (hence its name), and
it is located near the centre of the brain, between the two
hemispheres, tucked in a groove where the two rounded
thalamic bodies join.
 The pineal gland is reddish-gray and about the
size of a grain of rice (5–8 mm) in humans,
located just rostro-dorsal to the superior
colliculus and behind and beneath the stria
medullaris, between the laterally positioned
thalamic bodies. It is part of the epithalamus.
 The pineal gland is a midline structure shaped
like a pine cone , and is often seen in plain
skull X-rays, as it is often calcified.
The Endocrine Glands & their Hormones

Pineal Gland

-Main hormone secreted

MELATONIN

-Role Melatonin

--Mammals : Regulate
reproductive activity in
response to environmental
light cycles
e.g. Some mammals mate in
summer (lot of light), while
others mate in winter (low
light).
 The pineal gland receives a sympathetic
innervation from the
superior cervical ganglion. A
parasympathetic innervation from the
sphenopalatine and otic ganglia . Further,
some nerve fibers penetrate into the pineal
gland via the pineal stalk (central
innervation).
 Superior cerebellar artery
 Hormon melatonin
Adrenal gland

 Anatomically, the adrenal glands are located in

the retroperitoneum superior to the kidneys,
bilaterally.
 They are surrounded by an adipose capsule and
renal fascia.
 In humans, the adrenal glands are found at the
level of the 12th thoracic vertebra.
 Each adrenal gland has two distinct structures, the
outer adrenal cortex and the inner medulla, both
of which produce hormones
The Endocrine Glands & their Hormones

Adrenal Glands

2 parts : Medulla & Cortex

Adrenal Cortex : 3 categories of steroid

hormones
1. Mineralocorticoids
2. Glucocorticoids
3. Sex Steroids

Adrenal Medulla
1. Adrenaline
2. Noradrenaline
 The cortex mainly produces cortisol,
aldosterone and androgens, while the
medulla chiefly produces epinephrine and
norepinephrine.
 The combined weight of the adrenal glands in
an adult human ranges from 7 to 10 grams.[1]
 The adrenal cortex comprises three zones, or
layers.
 1. Zona glomerulosa (outer) The outermost
layer, the zona glomerulosa is the main site
for production of mineralocorticoids, mainly
aldosterone, which is largely responsible for
the long-term regulation of blood pressure.
 2. Zona fasciculata Situated between the
glomerulosa and reticularis, the zona fasciculata is
responsible for producing glucocorticoids, such as
11-deoxycorticosterone, corticosterone, and
cortisol in humans.
 3. Zona reticularis. The inner most cortical layer,
the zona reticularis produces androgens, mainly
dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) DHEA sulfate
(DHEA-S), and androstenedione (the precursor to
testosterone) in humans.
 Medulla
 The adrenal medulla is the core of the adrenal
gland, and is surrounded by the adrenal
cortex. It secretes approximately 20%
norepinephrine and 80% epinephrine. The
chromaffin cells are the body's main source
of the circulating catecholamines adrenaline
(epinephrine) and noradrenaline
(norepinephrine).
 Three arteries that supply each adrenal gland:
1. The superior suprarenal artery is provided by the inferior
phrenic artery
2. The middle suprarenal artery is provided by the
abdominal aorta
3. The inferior suprarenal artery is provided by the
renal artery
 Venous drainage of the adrenal glands is achieved via the
suprarenal veins:
1. The right suprarenal vein drains into the inferior vena cava
2. The left suprarenal vein drains into the left renal vein or the
left inferior phrenic vein.
 Nerve celiac plexus, renal plexus
 Lymph lumbar glands
Paraganglion

 A paraganglion or chromaffin body is a small

group of chromaphil cells in the abdomen.
 Paraganglia are connected with the ganglia of
the sympathetic trunk and the ganglia of the
celiac, renal, suprarenal, aortic and
hypogastric plexuses.
 They are concentrated near the suprarenal
glands and essentially function the same way
as the suprarenal medulla.
 They are sometimes found in connection with
the ganglia of other sympathetic plexuses.
Paraganglion of gallbladder
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