Principles of Flight

Chapter Overview
 Lesson 1: Principles of Flight
 Lesson 2: The Physics of Flight

 Lesson 3: The Purpose and Function of

Airplane Parts
 Lesson 4: Aircraft Motion and Control

 Lesson 5: Flight Power

 Lesson 6: Aviation Innovation

Chapter 1, Lesson 1
 Lesson Overview
 The theory of flight
 Airfoils and flight
 Newton's laws of motion and aircraft design
 Bernoulli’s principle, airfoils, and flight
 The effect of relative wind on flight
 The effect of angle of attack on flight

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VfCRTeUzhSI

http://www.virgingalactic.com/

Chapter 1, Lesson 1
 Quick Write
What kinds of things do you think Chuck Yeager had to learn to accomplish
all that he did?

What was the lowest and highest rank Chuck Yeager held?

Chapter 1, Lesson 1 Courtesy of US Air Force

 The Theory of Flight
 Chinese Book of Sui – AD 636
 Marco Polo’s man-lifting kites – 13th
Century
 Montgolfier Brothers first hot air
balloon – 1783
 First manned gliders – 100 years later
 Propeller-driven airplanes, jets,
astronauts to the moon – 20th century

Chapter 1, Lesson 1
Chapter 1, Lesson 1
 Airfoils
 Help create the force for lift
 Can be wings or propeller blades
 Include leading and trailing edges and
cambers and chord lines

Adapted from NASA/Glenn Research Center

Chapter 1, Lesson 1 .
Chapter 1, Lesson 1
 Wind Tunnels
 Help test models of new aircraft

Chapter 1, Lesson 1 Reproduced from NASA/Glenn Research Center

 Wind Tunnels, cont.
 The Wright Brothers tested more than 200
wing shapes in a tunnel before the successful
1902 glider
 Researchers can carefully control airflow
conditions and measure the forces on an
aircraft model

http://videos.howstuffworks.com/nasa/2169-how-wind-tunnels-work-video.htm
Chapter 1, Lesson 1 Courtesy of NASA
 Questions
1. What is aerodynamics?
2. Which edge of an airfoil is rounded? Which is
sharp?
3. What caused the Wright Brothers to develop the
wind tunnel?
4. After many experiments what was the Wright
Brothers able to do in an aircraft?
5. How many wing types did the Wright Brothers test
in designing their 1902 glider?

Chapter 1, Lesson 1
 Newton’s First Law of
Motion
 A body in motion tends to
stay in motion in a straight
line, and a body at rest tends
to stay at rest, unless an
outside force causes it to
stop

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q0Wz5P0JdeU
Chapter 1, Lesson 1 © iStockphoto/Thinkstock
 Newton’s Second Law of
Motion
 
Force = mass x acceleration, or F = ma

Newton's 2nd law states that the acceleration of an object is inversely

proportional to its mass. In other words, it is difficult to change the speed of
massive objects and it is easier to change the speed of smaller objects.

Chapter 1, Lesson 1 Waiting for Credit line if needed

 Newton’s Second Law of
Motion, cont.
 Force = mass x acceleration, or F = ma
 You could use F=ma to calculate exactly how
powerful an engine would have to be to supply
enough pushing force to accelerate for takeoff

Chapter 1, Lesson 1 Courtesy of NASA

 Newton’s Third Law of Motion
 “For every action is there an equal and
opposite reaction”
 Jet propulsion is an example

Chapter 1, Lesson 1 Courtesy of US Air Force

 Bernoulli’s Principle
 Increased airflow causes a decrease in air
pressure
 Air flowing over the curved upper surface of a
wing speeds up
 Increase in speed reduces pressure above the
wing and produces the upward lifting force

Reproduced from NASA Quest

Chapter 1, Lesson 1
 Effect of Relative Wind
on Flight
 Relative wind has both a speed and a direction
 When a plane flies, relative wind blows in
nearly the exact opposite direction to the
plane’s direction

Reproduced from Civil Air Patrol

Chapter 1, Lesson 1
 Effect of Angle of
Attack on Flight
 If a plane alters pitch—
the up and down
movement of the plane’s
nose—the angle of attack
on its wings will change
 As angle of attack
increases, wings generate
more lifting force
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HgT0EpEeOCY
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O6XofdlfJ0k Reproduced from NASA/Glenn Research Center
Chapter 1, Lesson 1 .
 Critical Angle of Attack

 Point at which a plane stalls—around 15 ⁰

Chapter 1, Lesson 1 Reproduced from NASA/Glenn Research Center

 Summary
 The theory of flight
 Airfoils and flight
 Newton's laws of motion and aircraft design
 Bernoulli’s principle, airfoils, and flight
 The effect of relative wind on flight
 The effect of angle of attack on flight

Chapter 1, Lesson 1
 Next….
 Done – principles of flight

 Next - physics of flight

Chapter 1, Lesson 1 Reproduced from NASA/Glenn

Research CenterReproduced Center
The Purpose and Function
of Airplane Parts
 Quick Write
If you had to design a wing for an airplane, what are
some of the questions you might ask?
List at least three

Chapter 1, Lesson 3 Courtesy of NASA Langley Research Center (NASA-LaRC)

 Lesson Overview
 How the fuselage and wing shape correspond to an
aircraft’s mission
 The types, purpose, and function of airfoil design
 The role of stabilizers and rudders
 The positions of flaps, spoilers, and slats on an
aircraft
 How the airflow and airfoil affect flight movement
 The purpose and function of propellers, turbines,
ramjets, and rocket propulsion systems

Chapter 1, Lesson 3
Why do airplane parts such as wings
and fuselage vary in size and shape?

Chapter 1, Lesson 3
 Group Activity
 Divide up in 3 teams
 Team 1 - The Fuselage - pg 36-37

 Team 2 - Wing Position, Parts and Size – pg 38-39

 Team 3 – Wing Angles and Winglets – pg 40-41

 Draw pictures and add words to explain material

 Assign a team spokesman

Chapter 1, Lesson 3
 The Fuselage
 The fuselage is the aircraft body
 Fuselage vary in shape to fit the mission

 Fuselage must be strong enough to withstand

torque

Chapter 1, Lesson 3 Courtesy of USAF/CMSgt Gary Emery

 Wing Position and Parts
 Wing position
depends on
aircraft’s mission
 Main internal
parts are spars,
ribs and stringers
 Fuel tanks usually
part of wing
Reproduced from US Department of
Chapter 1, Lesson 3 Transportation/Federal Aviation Administration
 Wing Size
 Glider travels slow and has high-aspect wing
ratio and long wingspans
 Glider wings elliptical shaped to reduce drag
and result in long, slow flight
 Greater the aspect area the lower the
induced drag and greater the lift
 F-16 and space shuttle have low-aspect ratio
wings

Chapter 1, Lesson 3
Wing Aspect Ratio

Chapter 1, Lesson 3
Wing Types

Chapter 1, Lesson 3
 Wing Angles
 Dihedral angles give
aircraft roll stability
and level flight
 Large commercial
airliner wings have
dihedral angles
 Fighter aircraft have
anhedral angles

Chapter 1, Lesson 3 Modified from NASA/Glenn Research Center

 Summary
 How the fuselage and wing shape correspond to an
aircraft’s mission
 Fuselage types

 Wing Shapes, Sizes, and Angles

Chapter 1, Lesson 3
 Aircraft Motion
and Control

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J4Ntr0OZ9es&list=PLIlxyInmt--h2fdR21TJt89L2atYLMS19
 Lesson Overview

 The axes of rotation and how the primary

flight controls work
 The effects of flaps on flight

 The effects of slats on flight

 The effects of spoilers on flight

Chapter 1, Lesson 4
 Quick Write
Colonel Lowe had the training, the experience,
and the ability to stay calm in the middle of
chaos. He used these qualities to rescue others.
What are some ways you can develop those
qualities in yourself?

Chapter 1, Lesson 4 Courtesy of USAF/Don Lindsey

 The Axes of Rotation
 An aircraft rotates around its center of
gravity, the central point of three-
dimensional coordinate system
 Yaw axis (vertical axis) starts at the center of
gravity and runs perpendicular to wings
 Pitch axis (lateral axis) starts at the center of
gravity and runs from wingtip to wingtip

http://adamone.rchomepage.com/cg_calc.htm
Chapter 1, Lesson 4
 The Axes of Rotation, cont.
 Roll axis (longitudinal axis) begins at the
center of gravity, is perpendicular to the yaw
and pitch axes, and runs from nose to tail

Chapter 1, Lesson 4 Reproduced from NASA/Glenn Research Center

 How the Primary Flight
Controls Work
 Pilot works with control
surfaces to direct aircraft yaw,
pitch, and roll
 Rudders control yaw or side-
to-side motion of aircraft
 Elevators control pitch or up
and down motion of aircraft
 Aileron is a small hinged
section on the outboard
portion of a wing
Reproduced from NASA/Virtual Skies
Chapter 1, Lesson 4
 Activity 1:
The Axes of Rotation
 View animations on aircraft yaw motion,

pitch motion, and roll motion

 Fill in the blanks for each airplane’s
control system and axis of rotation
 Illustrate the axes of rotation, the primary
control surface, and motion direction on
the image provided

Chapter 1, Lesson 4
Activity 1—Yaw Motion

Reproduced from NASA

Chapter 1, Lesson 4
Activity 1—Pitch Motion

Reproduced from NASA

Chapter 1, Lesson 4
Activity 1—Roll Motion

Reproduced from NASA

Chapter 1, Lesson 4
 The Effects of Flaps on Flight
 Aircraft have primary and secondary
control systems
 Rudders, elevators, and ailerons are
primary control surfaces, they make
aircraft controllable and safe to fly
 Flaps, slats, and spoilers are
secondary control systems, they let
the pilot maintain more control over
aircraft’s performance

Chapter 1, Lesson 4 Courtesy of US ARMY/SSgt S. Patrick McCollum

 Types of Flaps
 Wing flaps come in four varieties
 Plain flap is the simplest; it
attaches at the trailing edge of
wing, and increases camber and
lift when deployed
 Split flap is hinged under the
wing’s trailing edge and rotates
down to help generate lift and
increase drag

Reproduced from US Department of

Transportation/Federal Aviation Administration
Chapter 1, Lesson 4
 Types of Flaps, cont.
 Slotted flap sits in a groove
carved into the underside of
the wing’s trailing edge and
generates more lift than plain
and split flaps
 Fowler flap uses metal tracks
to slide backward and pivot
down; it increases lift by
greater camber and wing area

Reproduced from US Department of

Transportation/Federal Aviation Administration
Chapter 1, Lesson 4
 Flap Types
Split Flap

Plain Flap

Fowler Flap

Chapter 1, Lesson 4
 The Effects of Slats on Flight
 Slats generate more lift; aircraft use
four types of slats
 Fixed slot doesn’t move or increase
wing camber
 Movable slats slide along tracks
 Leading edge flaps increase lift and
wing camber and decrease the size
of the nose-down pitch
 Leading edge cuffs are slipped onto
a wing’s leading edge
Reproduced from US Department of
Transportation/Federal Aviation Administration
Chapter 1, Lesson 4
 Moveable slat

Leading edge cuff

Leading edge flap

Chapter 1, Lesson 4
 The Effects of Spoilers on Flight
 Spoilers are small, flat plates that
attach to the tops of the wings
with hinges
 Raising spoilers on both wings
slows aircraft in any phase of flight
 Raising spoilers on only one wing
causes a rolling motion

http://youtu.be/ov24HFgLFMc

Reproduced from of NASA/Glenn Research Center

Chapter 1, Lesson 4
 Summary

 The axes of rotation and how the primary

flight controls work
 The effects of flaps on flight
 The effects of slats on flight
 The effects of spoilers on flight

Chapter 1, Lesson 4
 Next….
 Done – aircraft motion and control

 Next – flight power

Chapter 1, Lesson 4 Courtesy of NASA/Jim Ross

Flight Power
 Lesson Overview, cont.
 How the different types of jet engines
work
 The role of reversers and suppressors
used in jet aircraft
 Reaction engines

 The development of new engine

technology

Chapter 1, Lesson 5
 Team Activity
 Create poster of assigned engine type (pages 69-84)
 Research sources and describe how the engine works, and
why the engine is suited for the aircraft’s purpose
 Draw engine and label major parts
 Provide examples of aircraft using this engine and why it is
suited best for its application
 Internal combustion (reciprocating) engine
 Turbojet
 Turbofan
 Turboprop You may use lab computers
 to find more data for your
Ramjet and Scramjet poster.
Chapter 1, Lesson 5
 The Characteristics of Internal
Combustion Engines
 Internal combustion engines
turn propellers which generate
thrust
 Combustion process—
process
chemical energy converts to
mechanical energy
 The piston compresses fuel and
air before combustion; then is
forced back down the cylinder
following combustion

Reproduced from NASA/Glen Research Center

Chapter 1, Lesson 5
 Reciprocating Engines
 Internal combustion engine is a
reciprocating engine
 Back-and-forth movement of the pistons
produces mechanical energy
 Most small aircraft have reciprocating
engines
 Parts include cylinders, pistons,
connecting rods, a crankshaft, crankcase,
intake and exhaust valves, and spark plugs

Reproduced from US Department of

Transportation/Federal Aviation Administration
Chapter 1, Lesson 5
 Intake Stroke—First Stroke

 Piston moves down, intake

valve opens, drawing air and
fuel in at constant pressure

 Provides great deal of surface

area that reacts quickly with
the oxygen in the air

Reproduced from NASA/Johnson Space Center

Chapter 1, Lesson 5
 Compression Stroke—
Second Stroke
 The piston reaches the bottom,
the intake valve closes, sealing the
cylinder
 Volume decreases, the piston
compresses the fuel-air mixture,
raising temperature and
increasing pressure
 Gas particles are close together,
can react quickly when ignited

Reproduced from NASA/Johnson Space Center

Chapter 1, Lesson 5
 Power or Ignition Stroke—
Third Stroke
 As the piston nears the top, a surge of
current is sent to spark plug
 The Spark ignites the compressed fuel-air
mixture
 Fuel rapidly combines with oxygen and
produces carbon dioxide gas and water
vapor
 Hot gases force the piston down turning
the crankshaft
 The crankshaft turns the aircraft propeller

Reproduced from NASA/Johnson Space Center

Chapter 1, Lesson 5
 Exhaust Stroke—
Fourth Stroke
 Piston reaches the bottom and
starts back up the cylinder, the
exhaust stroke begins
 The exhaust valve opens,
residual heat is released, and
pressure returns to
atmospheric conditions
 The piston pushes waste gas
out of the cylinder

Reproduced from NASA/Johnson Space Center

Chapter 1, Lesson 5
 Turbojets
 Engine is an open tube that burns fuel
continuously
 Main parts: compressor, combustion chamber,
turbine, inlet, shaft, and nozzle
 Large air mass enters the inlet and is drawn
into a rotating compressor

Reproduced from US Department of

Chapter 1, Lesson 5 Transportation/Federal Aviation Administration
 Turbofans
 Modified turbojet engine - has additional turbine to turn a fan at
front of the engine
 Two-spool engine; one powers compressor, other turns the large fan
 Air from large fan enters the engine core, where fuel burns to
provide some thrust
 90 percent of the air bypasses the engine core; as much as 75
percent of the total thrust is from bypass air

Reproduced from US Department of

Chapter 1, Lesson 5 Transportation/Federal Aviation Administration
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ON0sVe1yeOk
 Turboprops
 Hybrid of a turbojet and a propeller engine
 Has a turbojet core to produce power but with
two turbines
 First turbine powers the compressor; the second
turbine powers the propeller

Reproduced from US Department of

Chapter 1, Lesson 5 Transportation/Federal Aviation Administration
 Ramjets
 Ramjets work with another power source for
initial thrust, such as a rocket
 Operates by combusting fuel in a stream of air
compressed by aircraft’s forward motion
 Airflow is subsonic, less than the speed of sound

Reproduced from NASA/Johnson Space

Chapter 1, Lesson 5 Center
 Scramjets

 Scramjets overcome
the speed limitation
 It is a supersonic-
combustion ramjet
 Needs another engine
or vehicle to accelerate
it to operating speed
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fHRwgf4px9w
Reproduced from NASA's Dryden Flight
Chapter 1, Lesson 5 Research Center
 Thrust Reversers
 Diverts thrust to the opposite
direction of the aircraft’s motion
 Clamshell reverser forms a shield
at the back of the nozzle,
deflects exhaust so it no longer
produces forward thrust
 Cascade reverser is a series of
airfoils with a high degree of
camber that opens, to change
the airflow’s direction https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GNRXAHasFvk
Courtesy of Dan Brownlee
Chapter 1, Lesson 5
 Noise Suppressors
 Laws regulate how much noise an aircraft can
make
 Flow of exhaust creates much of the racket
 Chevron noise suppressor has teeth cut in
nozzle’s edge to reduce noise
 Corrugated noise suppressor has ridged
nozzles; breaks noise in a large exhaust flow
 Ejector-type noise suppressor directs
surrounding air so it mixes with the high-
velocity exhaust to reduce noise

Copyright © Boeing. All Rights Reserved

Chapter 1, Lesson 5
 Activity 3:
Jet Engine Characteristics

 View the various animations of a jet engine

to observe the parts and their functions

 Label the parts and provide a short

description of characteristic

Chapter 1, Lesson 5
Activity 3: Engine

Chapter 1, Lesson 5 Reproduced from NASA/Glen Research

Center
Activity 3: Compressor

Chapter 1, Lesson 5 Reproduced from NASA/Glen Research

Center
Activity 3: Turbine

Reproduced from NASA/Glen Research

Chapter 1, Lesson 5 Center
 Reaction Engines
 Reaction engine develops thrust by its reaction
to a substance ejected from it
 Operates according to Newton’s third law of
motion
 Rocket engines are also reaction engines

http://www.reactionengines.co.uk/

Courtesy of NASA
Chapter 1, Lesson 5
 The Development of
New Engine Technology
 Aerospace engineers are working on new engine
technologies that cut fuel use and reduce emissions
 Geared turbofan engine reduces fuel consumption,
emissions, engine noise, and operating costs

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zy4A-z2WKhw
Chapter 1, Lesson 5 Courtesy of NASA/Glenn Research Center
 Thrust Vectoring
 Thrust vector engine has nozzles that turn to
redirect thrust; lets aircraft maneuver with
greater precision
 The aim of this technology is maneuverability,
not fuel efficiency

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iRgcC9eqEJg
Chapter 1, Lesson 5 Courtesy of NASA/Glenn Research Center
 Summary, cont.
 How the different types of jet engines
work
 The role of reversers and suppressors
used in jet aircraft
 Reaction engines

 The development of new engine

technology

Chapter 1, Lesson 5
Aviation Innovation
 Lesson Overview
 The latest topics of aviation research
 The use of remotely piloted aircraft

 The most recent innovations in aircraft

design

Chapter 1, Lesson 6
 Hypersonic Aircraft—
The Hypersoar
 A futuristic concept aircraft
capable of traveling at Mach 10
 Besides saving time, would burn
liquid hydrogen, a clean fuel
 Could have many uses: move
passengers and cargo, deliver
satellites to space, or bomb
enemy targets

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BMnMaS2t57Y

Reproduced from the Lawrence Livermore National

Chapter 1, Lesson 6 Laboratory/DOE
 New Fuels—Hydrogen Fuel Cells
 In 2008 Boeing flew a small motor-glider powered
by hydrogen fuel cells

 Fuel cells are electrochemical

devices that convert hydrogen
into electricity and heat

 They do not produce any of the typical products of

combustion; they exhaust only heat and water
http://www.airbus.com/innovation/eco-efficiency/design/fuel-cells/
Copyright © Boeing. All Rights Reserved
Chapter 1, Lesson 6
 New Fuels—Biofuels

 Researchers are exploring the use of biofuel, fuel made

from plants
 AF’s goal is to obtain 50 percent of its domestic fuel
requirement using alternative fuel blends
 February 2011, the AF certified the C-17 Globemaster
fleet for flight operations using a biofuel blend
 Air Force — the biggest consumer of fuel at $7 billion a
year — is pressing forward with its goal of using a 50-
50 blend of traditional and alternative fuels to meet its
domestic fuel requirement by 2016.

Chapter 1, Lesson 6
 Noise Reduction
 NASA researchers are tinkering with a metallic
foam made from
stainless steel to install
around engines
 Most foam would catch fire from

engine heat; metallic foam solves that

problem
 NASA is crafting a plan for noise-reduction
strategies 10, 20, and 30 years out

Chapter 1, Lesson 6 Courtesy of NASA

 Air Traffic Control
 At any time 5,000 airplanes—civilian and military—
are in the air over the US
 Air traffic is expected to grow 50 percent by 2025
 FAA is working on new technologies to improve air
traffic efficiency and safety; a plan called NextGen
uses satellite technology
 NextGen would allow planes to fly closer together,
take more direct routes, and be aware of their
position relative to other aircraft

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QpS4fPDQDUE

Chapter 1, Lesson 6
 Continuous Descent Approach

 When planes land, they follow an arrival

path that is not very efficient
 NASA’s continuous descent approach allows
planes to coast during the final flight stages,
using less power
 NASA is researching a system called Efficient
Descent Advisor, a tool for air traffic
controllers

Chapter 1, Lesson 6
 The Use of Remotely
  Piloted Aircraft
Another area of research is the unmanned aircraft system (UAS) or
unmanned ariel vehicle (UAV)
US military and intelligence services

use UASs for reconnaissance and

combat
Autonomous refueling will be the

next big leap forward in UASs

The Phantom Ray, a stealthy, jet-powered UAS was introduced in 2010

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=znwU_4lLoGE
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CEqBvvvSgK0
Courtesy of NASA/Jim Ross
Chapter 1, Lesson 6
Chapter 1, Lesson 6
RQ-4 Global Hawk

Chapter 1, Lesson 6
Aircraft Comparison

Chapter 1, Lesson 6
Engine Removal

Chapter 1, Lesson 6
 Pint-Sized UAV Developments
 The AF uses micro-UAVs in Iraq and Afghanistan to gather
information about the enemy
 BATMAV weighs only a pound yet carries a camera; it can
send images to the person controlling it
 RQ-11B Raven has an infrared camera for night operations
 Nano-UAV (invisible to the naked eye) is part of the AF’s
image of the future
 Boeing 787 Dreamliner
 Incorporates lightweight composite
materials into its design
 Its carbon fiber is also more resistant
to corrosion than previous composites
 Dreamliner is the next big thing in
passenger airliners

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qIv1ke_A4A4

Chapter 1, Lesson 6
 Airbus A380 Superjumbo Jet
 May be the biggest
commercial airliner on the
market, yet it also sports
green features
 Double-decker aircraft that
can carry anywhere from
525-853 passengers
 Tremendous fuel capacity,
it can fly 9,550 miles
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lzU5HrZjb1I
© Tim Jenner/ShutterStock, Inc.
Chapter 1, Lesson 6
 Summary
 The latest topics of aviation research

 The use of remotely piloted aircraft

 The most recent innovations in aircraft

design

Chapter 1, Lesson 6