Fundamental of Telecommunication Network Basic Technologies Needed For Telecommunication

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CHAPTER TWO

BASIC OF TELECOM
NETWORKS
Contents
 Fundamental of Telecommunication Network
 Telephone Network structure
 Basic technologies needed for telecommunication
 Transmission
 Switching
 Signaling
 Traffic characterization and QOS,
Basics of Telecom Networks By Engineer Matios Z. 1
Introduction
 A telecommunications network is a collection of terminal nodes in
which links are connected to enable telecommunication between
the terminal.
 The transmission links connect the nodes together.
 The nodes use circuit switching, massage switching or packet switching to
pass the signal through the correct links and nodes to reach the correct
destination terminal.
 Examples of telecommunications networks include:
 Telephone network
 Computer network
 TV and Radio communication
 Internet and etc.

Basics of Telecom Networks By Engineer Matios Z. 2


Cont.

Basics of Telecom Networks By Engineer Matios Z. 3


Telephone Network
 The users of telephone network, are called subscribers.
 User information may take many forms, such as voice or
data
 Subscribers may use different access network technologies
to access the network,
 Example: fixed or cellular telephones.
 We will see that the telecommunications network consists
of many different networks providing different services,
 Such as data, fixed, or cellular telephony service.

Basics of Telecom Networks By Engineer Matios Z. 4


Cont.
 Generic telephone system has four basic components:
 Customer premises equipment,
 The local network,
 The switching plant, and
 The long-haul network.

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Customer premises equipment
 The most common piece of equipment on the customer’s premises is
 Telephone
 Computer
 Modem
 Fax machines
 Private branch exchanges
 In industrial, commercial, and scientific sites a ubiquitous installation
is the local-area network (LAN).
 A LAN may range from a simple bus with a few computers to a
complex of switches and routers linking together hundreds of
computers and specialized pieces of equipment.
 But the LAN may not be connected to telephone network.
Basics of Telecom Networks By Engineer Matios Z. 6
The local Network
 The local-access network provides the connection between the
customer’s telephones and the local exchange, which is the lowest-
level exchanges in the switching hierarchy.
 All the ordinary telephones are connected to the local telephone end
office through pairs of 22- or 26-gauge wire twisted together in order
to minimize crosstalk.
 Modern digital telephones use digital subscriber links (DSLs) which
has a better information carrying capability.
 It can be
• DSL (digital subscriber line i.e. has equal upload and download rate)
• ADSL (asynchronous DSL i.e. higher download rate)
• VDSL (vary high data rate DSL)

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The long-Haul Network
 The long-haul network carries traffic from one telephone end office
to another end office.
 There may be several links in this path.
 In general, the long-haul network is a mesh of interconnected links; It
is also called “Backbone”.
 Several kinds of transmission media may be used to implement the
links in the long-haul network:
 Twisted pairs with repeaters,
 Coaxial cable
 Microwave radio
 Satellite and
 Optical fibre.
Basics of Telecom Networks By Engineer Matios Z. 8
Cont.
 The metallic media and microwave links are replacing by optical
fiber; it offers error-free transmission at gigabit rates.
 The only challenge to the domination of fibre is the satellite system
in its area of application.
It has advantage of
 Faster system installation
 Earthly impediments and
distances constitute no barrier

Long-Haul network

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Exchange Area Network
 The exchange area network fills the transmission gap between local
and long-distance trunks.
 It normally interconnects local exchanges and tandem exchanges.
 Tandem exchanges are those makes connections between central
offices when an inter-office trunk is not available.
 A tandem exchange is to central offices as a central office is to
subscriber telephone sets.
 Mostly switching process is takes place at the exchange area
networks.
 The switch, serves to route the flow of traffic between links.

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Basic Technologies needed for Telecommunication
 Telecommunication networks has several varieties based on
the application area of the network and they provide
numerous services.
 The three technologies needed for communication through
the network regardless of the type and service provided are
1. Transmission
2. Switching
3. Signaling
 Each of these technologies requires specialists for their
engineering, operation, and maintenance.
Basics of Telecom Networks By Engineer Matios Z. 11
Transmission
 Transmission is the process of transporting information between
end points of a system or a network.
 Transmission systems use four basic media for information transfer
from one point to another:
 Copper cables
 Optical fiber cables
 Radio waves
 Free-space optics
 In a telecommunications network, the transmission systems
interconnect exchanges and, taken together, these transmission
systems are called the transmission or transport network.

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Switching
 In principle, all telephones could still be connected to each other
by cables as they were in the very beginning of the history of
telephony.
 However, as the number of telephones grew, operators soon
noticed that it was necessary to switch signals from one wire to
another.
 Only a few cable connections were needed between exchanges because
the number of simultaneously ongoing calls is much smaller than the
number of telephones.
 The first switches were not automatic, it was done manually using
a switchboard.
 Strowger developed the first automatic switch (exchange) in 1887.
Basics of Telecom Networks By Engineer Matios Z. 13
Cont.
 Switch is a device with the ability of interconnecting two or more
end points.
Switch

Manual Automatic

Mechanical Electronic

 Manual switch: human exchange provided switching facilities.


 Electromechanical switching: a moving wiper moved up to and
around a bank of many other contacts, making a connection with
any one of them.
Basics of Telecom Networks By Engineer Matios Z. 14
Cont.
 Telephone network switching history is
 Manual switch
Human operator perform the switching
 Automatic switch
Dialing service introduced and able to rout a call automatically
 Electronic switch
Electromechanical system with controlling programs
 Digital switch
Fully digital circuit working based on protocols.

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Cont.
 Switching is a method of establishing connections and sending
information between nodes on a network.
 Telephone switching mainly means of switching voice channels.
 Actual connectivity is carried out by the switching function and may
involve more than one switch.
 Telephone switching system have local switches, tandem switches, and
transit switches.
 Many call in a local area traverse no more than one switch.
 Other calls, destined for subscribers outside that serving area, may
traverse a tandem switch to another local serving switch.
 A local exchange connects lines (SL) to lines (SL) or to trunks.
 A tandem/transit exchange switches trunks.
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Basic requirements of switching
 Conceptually, a switch has inlets and outlets.
 Inlets serve incoming calls
 Outlets serve outgoing calls
 There are three basic switching requirements:
1. Switching system must be able to connect any incoming call to one of a
multitude of outgoing circuits.
2. It must be able to establish and maintain a physical connection between
a caller and the called party and must be able to disconnect (i.e., "clear")
it after call termination.
3. It must prevent new calls from intruding into circuits that are already in
use.

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Switching principles
 Switching Techniques basically can be divided in three types:
1. Circuit Switching
2. Message Switching
3. Packet Switching
Circuit Switching:
 A complete circuit (route or path) between source and destination
nodes is established before the data transmitted.
 Commonly used in telephone voice conversation.
 The following three steps are required in circuit switching:
I. Setup of link
II. Hold-up of link
III. Release of the link
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Switching Hierarchy
 In early years of telephone, the switching office or exchange was
located at a central point in a service area and it provided switched
connections for all subscribers in that area.
 As telephone density grew and subscribers desired longer distance
connections.
 It became necessary to interconnect the individual service areas with
trunks between the central offices.
 The hierarchical structure of the network
I. Helps operators to manage the network
II. It makes the basic principle of telephone call routing straightforward

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Cont.
 The actual implementation
of the hierarchy, number
and names of switching
levels differ from country to
country.
 The hierarchy in its most
basic form consists of five
classes of offices.

Example of switching hierarchy

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Signaling
 Signaling is the mechanism that allows network entities (customer
premises or network switches) to establish, maintain, and terminate
sessions in a network.
 It is carried out with the help of specific signals or messages that
indicate to the other end what is requested.
 Signaling examples on subscriber lines:
 Off-hook condition: The exchange notices; the subscriber has raised the
telephone hook and gives a dial tone to the subscriber.
 Dial: The subscriber dials digits and they are received by the exchange.
 On-hook condition: The exchange notices that the subscriber has finished
the call, clears the connection, and stops billing.

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Signaling to the exchange from telephone
 Telephone exchanges supply dc voltage to subscriber loops, and
telephone sets use this supplied voltage for operation.
Setup and release of a call
 Each telephone has a switch that indicates an on or off-hook
condition.
 When the hook is raised, the switch is closed; approximately 50
mA of current starts flowing.
 This is detected by a relay giving information to the control unit in
the exchange.
 The control unit is an efficient and reliable computer in the
telephone exchange and it will activate signaling circuits when the
hook is off condition.
Basics of Telecom Networks By Engineer Matios Z. 22
Cont.
 Inter-exchange call setup and release signaling

50 mA current flow

Depends on the standard (EU: 445Hz, japan: 380 or 420,)

Depends on the standard


ac signal 70V with 25Hz
(EU: 445Hz, japan: 380 or
420,)

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Rotary Dialing
 In rotary dialing a local loop is closed and opened according to the
dialed digits, and the number of current pulses is detected by the
exchange. This signaling method is also known as loop disconnect
signaling.
 The main disadvantages of this method are that it is slow, expensive
and don’t support supplementary service.

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Tone Dialing
 Modern telephones usually have 12 push buttons for dialing, each
generating a tone with two frequencies.
 One of the frequencies is from the upper frequency band and the
other from the lower band.
 All frequencies are inside the voice frequency band (300–3,400 Hz)
 Can be transmitted through the network from end to end, when the
speech connection is established.
 This signaling principle is known as dual-tone multi frequency
(DTMF) signaling.

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Cont.
 Advantages of tone dialing are
as follows:
1. It is quicker and dialing of all
digits takes the same time.
2. Fewer dialing errors result.
3. End-to-end signaling is possible.
4. Additional push buttons are
available (*, #, A, B, C, D) for
activation of supplementary
services.

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Signaling Technologies
 The control unit of the local exchange receives the subscriber
signaling, such as dialed digits, from the subscriber line and makes
consequent actions according to its program.
 Usually the call is routed via many exchanges and the signaling
information needs to be transmitted from one exchange to another.
 This can be done via
 Channel associated signaling (CAS) or
 Common channel signaling (CCS) methods

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Cont.
CAS or per-trunk signaling (PTS)
 Like most telecommunication signaling methods, it uses routing
information to direct the payload of voice or data to its destination.
 With CAS signaling, this routing information is encoded and
transmitted in the same channel as the payload itself i.e. voice/data

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Cont.
 Since the channel is shared by signaling and information, the system
support only in-band signaling.
 CAS is often still used for international signaling; national systems in
richer nations almost exclusively use CCS.
 CAS has a number of limitations, including:
 Susceptibility to fraud
 Limited signaling states
 Poor resource usage/allocation

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Cont.
Common channel signaling (CCS)
 It is the transmission of signaling information (control information)
on a separate channel from the data.

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Cont.
•For
  example,
 In PSTN one channel of a communications link is typically used for
carrying signaling for establishment and tear down of telephone
calls.
 The remaining channels are used entirely for the transmission of
voice data.
 In most cases, a single channel is sufficient to handle the call setup
and call clear-down traffic for voice and data channels.

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Cont.
 CCS offers the following advantages over CAS, in the context of the
PSTN
1. Faster call set-up time
2. Greater trunking efficiency
3. Can transfer additional information along with the signaling
traffic, providing features such as caller ID
4. Signaling can be performed mid-call
 The most common implementation of CCS is signaling number 7
(SS7)

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Cont.
Signaling System No.7 (SS7)
 SS7 is a global standard for telecommunication defined by ITU-T in
response to a demand for more features and integrated data
services.
 It is a high-speed, out-of-band signaling system based on ITU-T
recommendation Q.700 series.
 SS7 defines the architecture, procedures, and protocols for
information exchange over digital channels.
 It is designed to support call setups, routing, billing, database
information, and special service functions for PSTNs.

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Cont.
Features of SS7
1. Suitable for any transmission medium (i.e., can be operated over both
terrestrial and satellite links).
2. Suitable for various communication services such as telephony, text, data,
images and video.
3. High performance and flexibility along with a future oriented concept
4. High reliability for message transfer.
5. They are much faster, efficient in the call setup and teardown process.
6. For efficient and secure worldwide telecommunications
 There are three signaling points in the SS7 network
1. SSP (Service Switching Point)
2. STP (Signal Transfer Point)
3. SCP (Service Control Point)
Basics of Telecom Networks By Engineer Matios Z. 34
Cont.
 SS7 Network Architecture

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Telephone call Routing
 Calls that are carried by the network are routed according to a plan,
a set of rules.
 The routing plan includes the numbering plan and network
configuration.
 The national telecommunications authority coordinates the national
numbering plan. It defines
 Trunk or area codes and operator prefixes used inside the country.
 Nationwide service numbers (e.g., emergency numbers).
 At the regional level, the numbering plan includes digits allocated to
certain switching offices, exchanges, and the subscriber numbers for
subscribers connected to a certain switch.

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Cont.
Telephone Number Plan

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Cont.
Call routing

Basics of Telecom Networks By Engineer Matios Z. 38

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