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    Sheet 2 (Local Anesthesia 2)

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    ardesh abdille
    This document discusses local anaesthesia and its properties. It defines analgesia as loss of pain sensation without loss of other sensations, while anaesthesia is loss of all sensations including pain and motor function. It then lists six methods that can induce local anaesthesia, as well as desirable properties for local anaesthetic agents. These include low toxicity, effectiveness when injected or applied topically, and rapid onset of anaesthesia. The document further classifies local anaesthetics and discusses their absorption via different routes of administration and distribution in the body.

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    Sheet 2 (Local Anesthesia 2)

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    ardesh abdille
    79 views14 pages
    This document discusses local anaesthesia and its properties. It defines analgesia as loss of pain sensation without loss of other sensations, while anaesthesia is loss of all sensations including pain and motor function. It then lists six methods that can induce local anaesthesia, as well as desirable properties for local anaesthetic agents. These include low toxicity, effectiveness when injected or applied topically, and rapid onset of anaesthesia. The document further classifies local anaesthetics and discusses their absorption via different routes of administration and distribution in the body.

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    Local anesthesia

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    Sheet 2 (local anesthesia 2)

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    This document discusses local anaesthesia and its properties. It defines analgesia as loss of pain sensation without loss of other sensations, while anaesthesia is loss of all sensations including pain and motor function. It then lists six methods that can induce local anaesthesia, as well as desirable properties for local anaesthetic agents. These include low toxicity, effectiveness when injected or applied topically, and rapid onset of anaesthesia. The document further classifies local anaesthetics and discusses their absorption via different routes of administration and distribution in the body.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    79 views14 pages

    Sheet 2 (Local Anesthesia 2)

    Uploaded by

    ardesh abdille
    This document discusses local anaesthesia and its properties. It defines analgesia as loss of pain sensation without loss of other sensations, while anaesthesia is loss of all sensations including pain and motor function. It then lists six methods that can induce local anaesthesia, as well as desirable properties for local anaesthetic agents. These include low toxicity, effectiveness when injected or applied topically, and rapid onset of anaesthesia. The document further classifies local anaesthetics and discusses their absorption via different routes of administration and distribution in the body.

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    of 14

    LOCAL ANAESTHESIA (2)

    Ass.Professor.Dr. Abdulmageed Al-Yhary


    Terminology
    Analgesia :
    Is loss of pain sensation un accompanied by
    loss of other forms of sensibility.

    Anaesthesia :
    Is loss of all forms of sensation including
    pain, touch, by impairment of motor
    function.
    Methods which induced LOCAL ANAESTHESIA

    1. Mechanical trauma (compression of


    tissues)
    2. Low temperature
    3. Anoxia
    4. Chemical irritants
    5. Neurolytic agents such as alcohol &
    phenol
    6. Chemical agents such as local anesthetic
    Properties deemed most desirable for a
    LOCAL ANAESTHESIA
    1. It should not be irritating to the tissue to
    which it is applied.
    2. It should not cause any permanent alteration
    of nerve structure.
    3. It’s systemic toxicity should be low.
    4. It must be effective regardless of whether it is
    injected into the tissue or is applied locally to
    mucous membrane.
    5. The time most onset of anesthesia should be
    as short as possible.
    In addition to these qualities, Bennett 2 lists
    other desirable properties of an ideal
    LOCAL ANESTHETIC
    7. It should have potency sufficient to give
    complete anesthesia without the use of
    harmful concentrated solutions.
    8. It should be relatively free from producing
    allergic reactions.
    9. It should be stable in solution and should
    readily undergo biotransformation in the body.
    10. It should sterile or capable of being sterilized
    heat without deterioration.
    Properties of LOCAL ANAESTHETIC solutions

    ◦ Potency and reliability


    ◦ Reversibility of action
    ◦ Safety
    ◦ Lack of irritation
    ◦ Rapidity of onset
    ◦ Duration of effect
    ◦ Sterility
    ◦ Adequate ‘Shelf Life’
    ◦ Penetration of mucous membrane
    Classification of Local Anaesthesia
    A. Esters :
    1- Esters of benzoic acid
    Butacaine Cocaine
    Ethyl aminobrnzoate (Benzocaine)
    Hexylcaine Piperocaine
    Tetracaine

    2- Esters of para-aminobenzoic acid


    Chloroprocaine
    Procaine
    Propoxycaine
    Classification of Local Anaesthesia
    B. Amides :
    Articaine Bupivacaine Dibucaine
    Etidocaine lidocaine Mepivacaine
    Prilocaine Ropivacaine

    C. Quinoline :
    Centbucridine
    All local anesthetics posses a degree of
    vasoactivity most producing dilation of the
    vascular bed into which they are deposited,
    although the degree of vasodilation may
    vary, and some may produce
    vasoconstriction. (concentration dependent)
    Ester local anesthetics are also potent
    voasodilating drugs.
    Procaine, the most potent vasodilator
    among local anesthetics.
    Time to Achieve Peak Blood Level
    Route Time, min

    Intravenous 1

    Topical 5 (approximately)

    Intramuscular 5-10

    Subcutaneous 30-90
    ORAL ROUTE
    With the exception of cocaine, local
    anesthetics are absorbed poorly, if at
    all, from the gastrointestinal tract
    after oral administration.
    TOPICAL ROUTE
    Local anesthetics are absorbed at differing rates
    after application to mucous membrane: In the
    tracheal mucosa, absorption is almost as rapid
    as with intravenous (IV) administration (indeed,
    intratracheal drug administration {epinephrine,
    lidocaine, atropine, naloxone and flumazenil} is
    used in certain emergency situations); in the
    pharyngeal mucosa, absorption is slower; and in
    the esophageal or bladder mucosa, uptake is
    even slower than occurs through the pharynx.
    INJECTION
    The rate of uptake (absorption) of
    local anesthetics after parenteral
    administration (subcutaneous,
    intramuscular, or IV) is related to
    both the vascularity of the injection
    site and the vasoactivity of the drug.
    Pattern of Distribution of Local
    Anesthetics after absorption

    Site of
    Fat Slow
    injection
    equilibrium
    B Muscle space
    L
    O
    Brain Rapid
    O
    Myocardium equilibrium
    D
    Lungs space
    Liver

    ELIMINATION

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