Unit 2
Unit 2
Unit 2
Adequacy Security
The concept of power system reliability, i.e., the overall ability of the system
to satisfy the customer load requirements economically and reliably, is
extremely broad. For the sake of simplicity, power system reliability can
be divided into the two basic aspects of
• system adequacy, and
• system security.
Adequacy relates to the existence of sufficient facilities within the system to
satisfy customer load demands. These include the facilities to generate
power, and the associated transmission and distribution facilities
required to transport the generated energy to the load points. Adequacy,
therefore, relates to static system conditions.
Adequacy and Security
• Security pertains to the response of the system to the
perturbations/disturbances it is subjected to. These may include
conditions associated with local and widespread disturbances
and loss of major generation/transmission.
• SAIFI =System Average Interruption Frequency Index (int/yr. cust)= Total number of
customer interruptions / Total number of customers served
• CAIFI = Customer Average Interruption Frequency Index (int./yr. cust) = Total number
of customer interruptions / Total number of customers interrupted
• CTAIDI = Customer Total Average Interruption Duration Index (h/ y. cust)= Customer
interruption durations / Total number of customers interrupted
Reliability Indices (2)
• Protection system
– Selectability: should operate for the conditions intended and should not
for which not intended.
– Dependability: Number of correct operation devided by number of
incorrect operations
Basic models
• G&T Equipment : Markovian or not; Two or multi-states.
Up Down
30
Composite System (HLII) Reliability
Assessment
Reliability Measures (Conventional)
System indices (sometimes appearing under different names)
• LOLP = Loss of load probability
• LOLE = Loss of load expectation (h/year)
• EPNS = Expected power not supplied (MW)
• EENS = Expected energy not supplied (MWh/year)
• LOLF = Loss of load frequency (occ./year)
• LOLD = Loss of load duration (h)
• LOLC = Loss of load cost (US$/year)
• etc.
Load point indices
• LOLP, LOLE, etc.
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Composite System (HLII) Reliability
Assessment
Assessment Tools
32
Distribution System Reliability Assessment
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Distribution
Distribution System Reliability
ReliabilityAssessment
Assessment
System Oriented Reliability Indices, Number of Interruptions
• Weighting by number of customers
– System Average
Interruption Frequency Index :
n
f i Ni
SAIFI = i=1
n
(interruptions/year)
tot
Ni
i=1
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Distribution
Distribution System Reliability
ReliabilityAssessment
Assessment
37
Cost-Benefit Considerations
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Modeling Considerations in Power Systems
• Component modeling
– Generator models
– Transmission line models
– Load models
• Component dependencies
• System operation representation
– Power flow models
– Operating constraints
– Policies and contracts
Monte Carlo Simulation
• Concept
– Imitate system behavior using random numbers
and estimate indices from data collected from
simulation.
• Types used in power systems
– Sequential
• Synchronous timing (a.k.a. chronological)
• Asynchronous timing (a.k.a. next event method)
• Hybrid (mixed timing)
– Non-sequential
Monte Carlo Simulation
• The sequential approach simulates the occurrences of random events
through time. recognizing the statistical properties of the various types of
events.
• Typically, the time functions of load and planned generation schedules are
established for a period of a year.
• Starting at the beginning of the year, a sequence of forced shutdown and
restoration of transmission and generating equipment is then determined
based on random sampling in accordance with the statistical
characteristics of the equipment failure processes.
• The response of the power system during equipment outages is simulated
by power flow solutions.
• Whenever a system condition violating predefined failure criteria is
encountered, the occurrence and characteristic of this failure is recorded.
• At the end of one year of simulation, parameters describing the
‘‘observed’’ reliability of the system can be determined.
Contingency Enumeration Approach
• The contingency enumeration approach to reliability analysis
includes the systematic selection and evaluation of disturbances.
• The classification of each disturbance according to failure
criteria and the accumulation of reliability indices.
• Contingency enumeration techniques are structured so as to
minimize the number of disturbances that need to be
investigated in detail.
• This is achieved by testing, to the extent possible.
• Only those disturbances that are sufficiently severe to cause
trouble and sufficiently frequent to impact the risk indices to be
computed.
Contingency Enumeration Approach
Thank you