Todd Lammle'S Comptia Network+ Chapter 11: Switching and Vlans Instructor

Todd Lammle’s CompTIA Network+
Chapter 11: Switching andMaster

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Chapter 11 Objectives
• The Following CompTIA Network+ Exam
Objectives Are Covered in This Chapter:
• 3.3 Explain the advanced features of a switch
– PoE
– Spanning tree
– VLAN
– Trunking
– Port mirroring
– Port authentication
2
Switching and Virtual LANs
(VLANs)
• Switching breaks up large collision domains into

smaller ones and that a collision domain is a network
segment with two or more devices sharing the same
bandwidth.
• Switched design is properly implemented, it will result

in a clean, cost-effective, and resilient internetwork.
3
The first LAN
The first LAN had each hub placed into a

router port.
4
Switched network design
• A typical, contemporary, and complete switched network

design/implementation would look something like this.
• There is a router implemented.
• The router creates and handles logical segmentation.
• What makes Layer 2 switching so efficient is that no
modification to the data packet takes place.
5
Switching Services
• Layer 2 switching provides the following benefits:

– Hardware-based bridging (ASIC)
– Wire speed
– Low latency
– Low cost
6
Switch Functions at Layer 2
• There are three distinct functions of Layer 2 switching
– Address learning
– Forward/filter decisions
– Loop avoidance
7
Address Learning
• Layer 2 switches and bridges are capable of address learning;

they remember the source hardware address of each frame
received on an interface and enter this information into a MAC
database known as a forward/filter table.
• Initially there is no address information in the table.
8
Forwarding/Filter Table
When the hosts start

communicating, the switch
places the source hardware
address of each frame in the
table along with the
corresponding port
1.Host A sends a frame to Host B. Host A’s MAC address is 0000.8c01.000A;

Host B’s MAC address is 0000.8c01.000B.
2.The switch receives the frame on the E0/0 interface and places the source
address in the MAC address table.
3.Because the destination address is not in the MAC database, the frame is
forwarded out all interfaces—except the source port.
4.Host B receives the frame and responds to Host A.
The switch receives this frame on interface E0/1 and places the source
hardware address in the MAC database.
5.Host A and Host B can now make a point-to-point connection, and only the two
devices will receive the frames. Hosts C and D will not see the frames, nor are
their MAC addresses found in the database because they haven’t yet sent a
frame to the switch.
9
Forwarding/Filter Table Evaluation
• Host A is sending a data frame to Host D.
• What will the switch do when it receives

the frame from Host A?
10
Broadcast Storm
• Redundant links between switches can be a wise thing to

implement because they help prevent complete network
failures in the event that one link stops working.
• There is a drawback; frames can be flooded down all

redundant links simultaneously creating network loops.
11
Multiple Frame Copies
 The MAC address filter table could be totally confused about

the device’s location because the switch can receive the
frame from more than one link.
 The switch could get so caught up in constantly updating the
MAC filter table with source hardware-address locations that
it may fail to forward a frame. This is called thrashing the
MAC table.
12
Spanning Tree Protocol (STP)
STP’s main task is to stop network loops from occurring

on your Layer 2 network (bridges or switches).
It achieves this feat by vigilantly monitoring the network to
find all links and making sure that no loops occur by
shutting down any redundant ones.
STP uses the spanning-tree algorithm (STA) to first create
a topology database and then search out and destroy
redundant links.
With STP running, frames will be forwarded only on the
premium, STP-picked links.
Switches transmit Bridge Protocol Data Units (BPDUs) out
all ports so that all links between switches can be found.
13
Switching Loops
• Switched network with a redundant topology (switching

loops) without some type of Layer 2 mechanism to stop
network loops will fail.
14
Spanning-Tree Port States
The ports on a bridge or switch running STP can transition through
five different states:
• Blocking
– A blocked port won’t forward frames; it just listens to BPDUs and will
drop all other frames.
• Listening
– The port listens to BPDUs to make sure no loops occur on the network
before passing data frames without populating the MAC address table.
• Learning
– A port in learning state populates the MAC address table but doesn’t
forward data frames.
• Forwarding
– The port sends and receives all data frames on the bridged port. If the
port is still a designated or root port at the end of the learning state, it
enters the forwarding state.
• Disabled
– A port in the disabled state (administratively) does not
participate in the frame forwarding or STP.
15
Switching Design
• There are ways to design really great ways to implement

your switched network so that STP converges efficiently.
16
VLAN Basics
• Layer 2 switched networks are typically designed as flat

networks.
• Every broadcast packet transmitted is seen by every device
on the network regardless of whether the device needs to
receive that data or not.
• VLANs will let us control our broadcast domains.
17
Benefits of a Switched Network
• Host A is sending a frame with Host D as its destination.
• The frame is only forwarded out of the port where Host D is

located. This is a huge improvement over hubbed networks.
18
Physical LANs
Connected to a Router
• Each network is attached with a hub port to the router (each

segment also has its own logical network number.
• Each department has its own LAN, so if we needed to add
new users we would just plug them into the appropriate LAN.
19
Switches Removing
the Physical Boundary
• Switches remove the physical boundary to solve the

problem of hubs.
• Six VLANs (numbered 2 through 7) are used to create a
broadcast domain for each department.
• Each switch port is then administratively assigned a VLAN
membership, depending on the host and which broadcast
domain it’s placed in. 20
Access and Trunk Links
• Different link types are used in a switched network.

– Access Links
– Trunk Links
• All hosts connected to the switches can communicate to all
ports in their VLAN because of the trunk link between them.
• If we used an access link between the switches, this would
allow only one VLAN to communicate between switches.
21
Advanced Features of Switches
• Switches really expand our flexibility when designing

our networks. There are features which enhance the
functionality or the switch networks.
– Power over Ethernet (PoE)
– Port Mirroring/Spanning
22
Power over Ethernet (PoE)
• Switches can provide power to end devices by injecting

power into the Ethernet cabling.
• If PoE switches are not implemented, power can be injected
into the cabling outside the switch.
23
Port Mirroring/Spanning
• Port mirroring, also called Switch Port Analyzer (SPAN),

allows you to sniff traffic on a network when using a switch.
• A problem with this arises when you need to sniff traffic on a
switched network. The sniffer cannot see data going from
Host A to Host B.
• To solve this little snag, you could temporarily place a hub
between Host A and Host B.
24
Port Mirroring
• The port-mirroring option allows you to place a port in

spanning mode so that every frame from Host A is captured
by both Host B and the sniffer.
25
Summary
• Summary
• Exam Essentials Section
• Written Labs
• Review Questions
26

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Todd Lammle’s CompTIA Network+

Chapter 11: Switching andMaster

• Switching breaks up large collision domains into

• Switched design is properly implemented, it will result

The first LAN had each hub placed into a

• A typical, contemporary, and complete switched network

• Layer 2 switching provides the following benefits:

• Layer 2 switches and bridges are capable of address learning;

When the hosts start

1.Host A sends a frame to Host B. Host A’s MAC address is 0000.8c01.000A;

• Host A is sending a data frame to Host D.

• What will the switch do when it receives

• Redundant links between switches can be a wise thing to

• There is a drawback; frames can be flooded down all

 The MAC address filter table could be totally confused about

STP’s main task is to stop network loops from occurring

• Switched network with a redundant topology (switching

• There are ways to design really great ways to implement

• Layer 2 switched networks are typically designed as flat

• Host A is sending a frame with Host D as its destination.

• The frame is only forwarded out of the port where Host D is

• Each network is attached with a hub port to the router (each

• Switches remove the physical boundary to solve the

• Different link types are used in a switched network.

• Switches really expand our flexibility when designing

• Switches can provide power to end devices by injecting

• Port mirroring, also called Switch Port Analyzer (SPAN),

• The port-mirroring option allows you to place a port in

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