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    Classification of Analytical Techniques

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    Amais Aslam
    The document discusses various analytical techniques including classical wet chemistry methods like separation, extraction, distillation, and qualitative/quantitative analysis using precipitation, color change, melting/boiling points. It also discusses instrumental methods that use physical property measurements like conductivity, light absorption/emission. Instrumental methods are divided into detection and quantitation. Key factors to consider when selecting a method include required accuracy/precision, sample amount/properties, concentration range, potential interferences, and sample origin/matrix. Numerical criteria like precision, bias, sensitivity, detection limit, linear range, and selectivity can help determine if an instrumental method is suitable.

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    Classification of Analytical Techniques

    Uploaded by

    Amais Aslam
    203 views8 pages
    The document discusses various analytical techniques including classical wet chemistry methods like separation, extraction, distillation, and qualitative/quantitative analysis using precipitation, color change, melting/boiling points. It also discusses instrumental methods that use physical property measurements like conductivity, light absorption/emission. Instrumental methods are divided into detection and quantitation. Key factors to consider when selecting a method include required accuracy/precision, sample amount/properties, concentration range, potential interferences, and sample origin/matrix. Numerical criteria like precision, bias, sensitivity, detection limit, linear range, and selectivity can help determine if an instrumental method is suitable.

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    The document discusses various analytical techniques including classical wet chemistry methods like separation, extraction, distillation, and qualitative/quantitative analysis using precipitation, color change, melting/boiling points. It also discusses instrumental methods that use physical property measurements like conductivity, light absorption/emission. Instrumental methods are divided into detection and quantitation. Key factors to consider when selecting a method include required accuracy/precision, sample amount/properties, concentration range, potential interferences, and sample origin/matrix. Numerical criteria like precision, bias, sensitivity, detection limit, linear range, and selectivity can help determine if an instrumental method is suitable.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    203 views8 pages

    Classification of Analytical Techniques

    Uploaded by

    Amais Aslam
    The document discusses various analytical techniques including classical wet chemistry methods like separation, extraction, distillation, and qualitative/quantitative analysis using precipitation, color change, melting/boiling points. It also discusses instrumental methods that use physical property measurements like conductivity, light absorption/emission. Instrumental methods are divided into detection and quantitation. Key factors to consider when selecting a method include required accuracy/precision, sample amount/properties, concentration range, potential interferences, and sample origin/matrix. Numerical criteria like precision, bias, sensitivity, detection limit, linear range, and selectivity can help determine if an instrumental method is suitable.

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    of 8

    Analytical Techniques

    Classical (Wet)
    Instrumental
    Classical Methods
     Separation of analytes by precipitation, extraction or distillation
     Qualitative analysis by reaction of analytes with reagents that yielded
    products that could be recognized by their colour, melting or boiling
    point, solubilities or refractive index.
     Quantitative analysis by gravimetric or by titrimetric methods
    Gravimetric Methods:
    The mass of the analyte or some compound produced from the analyte was determined.
     

    Titrimetric Methods:
    The volume or mass of a standard reagent required to react completely with the analyte was measured.
    Instrumental methods
     Measurement of physical properties of analytes such as
    conductivity, electrode potential, light absorption or emission.

    Divided into two:


    • Detection
    • Quantitation
    In order to select an analytical method intelligently, it is essential to define clearly the nature of
    the analytical problem. Such a definition requires answers to the following questions.
     
    1. What accuracy and precision are required?
    2. How many samples are available?
    3. What is the concentration range of the analyte?
    4. What components of the sample will cause interference? /What else is present?
    5. Where is the origin of the sample?
    6. What are the physical and chemical properties of the sample matrix?
    7. When was it released or discharged?
    8. How/ under what circumstances will certain reactions occur?
    The table below lists the names of instrumental methods that are based upon various analytical signals.
    Signal Instrumental Methods
    Emission of radiation Emission spectroscopy (X-ray, UV, visible,
    electron, Auger); fluorescence,
    phosphorescence, and luminescence
    (X-ray, UV, and visible)

    Absorption of radiation Spectrophotometry and photometry (X-


    ray, UV, visible, IR); photoacoustic
    spectroscopy; nuclear magnetic resonance
    and electron spin resonance spectroscopy

    Scattering of radiation Turbidimetry; nephelometry; Raman


    spectroscopy
    Refraction of radiation Refractometry; interferometry
    Diffraction of radiation X-Ray and electron diffraction methods
    Rotation of radiation Polarimetry; optical rotary dispersion;
    circular dichroism
    Electrical potential Potentiometry; chronopotentiometry
    Electrical charge Coulometry
    Electrical current Polarography; amperometry
    Electrical resistance Conductometry
    Mass-to-charge ratio Mass spectrometry
    Rate of reaction Kinetic methods
    Thermal properties Thermal conductivity and enthalpy
    Radioactivity Activation and isotope dilution methods
    Numerical Criteria for selecting Analytical Methods:

    The table below lists quantitative performance


    criteria of instruments, criteria that can be used to
    decide whether or not a given instrumental method
    is suitable for attacking an analytical problem.
    These characteristics are expressed in numerical
    terms that are called figures of merit. Figures of
    merit permit the chemist to narrow the choice of
    instruments for a given analytical problem to a
    relatively few.
    Criteria Figure of Merit
    1. Precision Absolute standard
    deviation,
    relative standard deviation,
    coefficient of variation,
    variance

    2. Bias Absolute systematic error,


    relative systematic error

    3. Sensitivity Calibration sensitivity,


    analytical sensitivity

    4. Detection limit Blank plus three times


    standard deviation of a blank

    5. Concentration Range Concentration limit of quan-


    titation (LOQ) to concentra-
    tion limit of linearity (LOL)

    6. Selectivity Coefficient of selectivity

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