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    Token Bus & Token Ring

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    shanthi prabha
    The document discusses token passing protocols used in local area networks (LANs). It describes how the IEEE 802 standards define token ring (802.5) and token bus (802.4) networks. In token passing networks, a token frame circulates and must be seized by a node to transmit data. When done, the token is returned for the next node. This avoids collisions but adds latency waiting for the token. Token passing was used widely in IBM systems but Ethernet is now more common due to simpler implementation of CSMA/CD.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Token Bus & Token Ring

    Uploaded by

    shanthi prabha
    283 views35 pages
    The document discusses token passing protocols used in local area networks (LANs). It describes how the IEEE 802 standards define token ring (802.5) and token bus (802.4) networks. In token passing networks, a token frame circulates and must be seized by a node to transmit data. When done, the token is returned for the next node. This avoids collisions but adds latency waiting for the token. Token passing was used widely in IBM systems but Ethernet is now more common due to simpler implementation of CSMA/CD.

    Original Description:

    Connecting the devices through network using token bus and ring topology

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    The document discusses token passing protocols used in local area networks (LANs). It describes how the IEEE 802 standards define token ring (802.5) and token bus (802.4) networks. In token passing networks, a token frame circulates and must be seized by a node to transmit data. When done, the token is returned for the next node. This avoids collisions but adds latency waiting for the token. Token passing was used widely in IBM systems but Ethernet is now more common due to simpler implementation of CSMA/CD.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    283 views35 pages

    Token Bus & Token Ring

    Uploaded by

    shanthi prabha
    The document discusses token passing protocols used in local area networks (LANs). It describes how the IEEE 802 standards define token ring (802.5) and token bus (802.4) networks. In token passing networks, a token frame circulates and must be seized by a node to transmit data. When done, the token is returned for the next node. This avoids collisions but adds latency waiting for the token. Token passing was used widely in IBM systems but Ethernet is now more common due to simpler implementation of CSMA/CD.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    You are on page 1of 35

    TOKEN BUS TOKEN

    RING

    Mrs.R.Shanthi Prabha M.Sc., M.Phil.,


    Assistant Professor,
    DEPARTMENT OF Computer Science
    IEEE 802 Subgroups and their
    Responsibilities
    802.1
    Internetworking
    802.2
    Logical Link Control (LLC)
    802.3
    CSMA/CD
    802.4
    Token Bus LAN
    IEEE 802 Subgroups and their
    Responsibilities (Cont.)
    802.5
    Token Ring LAN
    802.6
    Metropolitan Area Network
    802.7
    Broadband Technical Advisory Group
    802.8
    Fiber-Optic Technical Advisory Group
    IEEE 802 Subgroups and their
    Responsibilities (Cont.)
    802.9
    Integrated Voice/Data Networks
    802.10
    Network Security
    802.11
    Wireless Networks
    802.12
    Demand Priority Access LANs
    Ex: 100BaseVG-AnyLAN
    Local Area Network Technology
    There are two types of token-passing architectures:
    Token Bus is similar to Ethernet because all clients are
    on a common bus and can pick up transmissions from all
    other stations
    Token Ring is different from Token Bus in that the
    clients are set up in a true physical ring structure
    Token Passing Standards
    IEEE 802.5
    For the token-ring LANs
    IEEE 802.4
    For the token-bus LANs
    A FDDI protocol is used on large fiber-optic ring
    backbones
    INTRODUCTION
    Token Ring defines a method for sending and
    receiving data between two network-connected devices
    To communicate in a token-passing environment, any
    client must wait until it receives an electronic token
    The token is a special frame that is transmitted from
    one device to the next
    TOKEN RING

    Token ring LAN are logically organized in a ring topology


     with data being transmitted sequentially from one ring
    station to the next with a control token circulating around
    the ring controlling access.
    This token passing mechanism is shared by ARCNET,
    token bus, and FDDI, and has theoretical advantages over
    the stochastic CSMA/CD of Ethernet.
    TOKEN RING
    Token ring local area network (LAN) technology
    is a protocol which resides at the data link layer
     (DLL) of the OSI model.
    It uses a special three-byte frame called a token
    that travels around the ring.
    Token
    Data packet that could carry data
    Circulates around the ring
    Offers an opportunity for each workstation and server to
    transmit data.
    IEEE 802.5 and Token Ring
    Proposed in 1969 and initially referred to as a
    Newhall ring.
    Token ring :: a number of stations connected by
    transmission links in a ring topology. Information
    flows in one direction along the ring from source
    to destination and back to source.
    Medium access control is provided by a small frame,
    the token, that circulates around the ring when all
    stations are idle. Only the station possessing the
    token is allowed to transmit at any given time.
    Token Ring Operation
    When a station wishes to transmit, it must wait for
    token to pass by and seize the token.
    One approach: change one bit in token which transforms it
    into a “start-of-frame sequence” and appends frame for
    transmission.
    Second approach: station claims token by removing it from
    the ring.
    Frame circles the ring and is removed by the
    transmitting station.
    Each station interrogates passing frame, if destined
    for station, it copies the frame into local buffer.
    IEEE 802.5 Token Ring
    4 and 16 Mbps using twisted-pair cabling with
    differential Manchester line encoding.
    Maximum number of stations is 250.
    Waits for last byte of frame to arrive before
    reinserting token on ring {new token after
    received}.
    8 priority levels provided via two 3-bit fields
    (priority and reservation) in data and token frames.
    Permits 16-bit and 48-bit addresses (same as
    802.3).
    Token Ring
    Under light load – delay is added due to waiting
    for the token.
    Under heavy load – ring is “round-robin”
    The ring must be long enough to hold the complete
    token.
    Advantages – fair access
    Disadvantages – ring is single point of failure,
    added issues due to token maintenance.
    Token Maintenance Issues
    What can go wrong?
    Loss of token (no token circulating)
    Duplication of token (forgeries or mistakes)
    The need to designate one station as the active ring
    monitor.
    Persistently circulating frame
    Deal with active monitor going down.
    A Token Bus Network
    Token Passing in a Token Bus Network
    Token Passing in a Token Bus Network
    Token Bus

    Token Server

    Client Client Client

    A token is distributed to each client in turn.


    TOKEN FRAME
    When no station is transmitting a data frame, a special
    token frame circles the loop.
    This special token frame is repeated from station to
    station until arriving at a station that needs to transmit
    data.
    TOKEN FRAME
    When a station needs to transmit data, it converts the
    token frame into a data frame for transmission. Once
    the sending station receives its own data frame, it
    converts the frame back into a token.
    TOKEN FRAME PRIORITY
     Token ring specifies an optional medium access scheme allowing a
    station with a high-priority transmission to request priority access
    to the token.
     8 priority levels, 0–7, are used.
     When the station wishing to transmit receives a token or data frame
    with a priority less than or equal to the station's requested priority,
    it sets the priority bits to its desired priority. The station does not
    immediately transmit; the token circulates around the medium until
    it returns to the station.
    FRAME FORMAT
    A data token ring frame is an expanded version of the
    token frame that is used by stations to transmit 
    media access control (MAC) management frames or
    data frames from upper layer protocols and
    applications.
    IEEE 802.5 Token and data frame structure

    Token Frame Format SD AC ED


    Data Frame Format
    1 1 1 2 or 6 2 or 6 4 1 1
    Destination Source
    SD AC FC Information FCS ED FS
    Address Address
    Starting
    J K 0 J K 0 0 0 J, K non-data symbols (line code)
    delimiter

    Access PPP Priority; T Token bit


    control PPP T M RRR M Monitor bit; RRR Reservation

    Frame FF frame type


    FF Z Z Z Z Z Z ZZZZZZ control bit
    control
    Ending I intermediate-frame bit
    J K 1 J K 1 I E E error-detection bit
    delimiter
    A address-recognized
    Frame bit
    A C xx A C x x
    status xx undefined
    C frame-copied bit
    Token Bus Data Pickup
    A token is sent from one node to the other
    The client wanting to transmit grabs an empty token
    Data is attached
    Token leaves for the next node and its travel on the bus
    until it reaches the address to which the data is
    destined
    Token Bus Data Delivery
    Token delivers the data to the addressee
    Acknowledgement is returned to the sender
    Token is passed to the next node
    The process continues
    If there is an error in delivering the information, a
    request for retransmission attached to the token
    and it is sent to the sender
    Token Bus Standard and
    Applications
    IEEE 802.4
    It can be used in both broadband and baseband
    transmission
    Token Passing Protocol in Operation

    Circulating
    Token

    Server Workstation

    • No collisions
    Workstation
    Comparison with CSMA/CD
    Absence of collision
    Offers a systematic method of transmitting
    information
    In theory, it is superior to CSMA/CD
    More sophisticated to implement
    Protocols used in the newer and most popular
    networks are, however, based on CSMA/CD
    The Transmitting Workstation
    Waits for a free token in order to be able to attach
    the data to be transmitted to the token
    On finding a free token, attach the following:
    Sender’s address
    Receiver’s address
    Data block to be transmitted
    Error checking details
    etc.
    At the Receiving End
    Data is received and checked for errors
    Outcomes at the receiving end
    Data received without errors
    Date received with errors
    Error-free Delivery of Data
    An acknowledgment is attached to the token
    Acknowledgment is passed to the sender
    Token is set free for other nodes to transmit
    information
    At this time, the next workstation on the ring will
    receive an opportunity
    Correcting Errors in Delivery
    A request for retransmission is attached to the token
    Token carries the message for retransmission to the
    sender
    The data is thus retransmitted
    Token Regeneration
    The token is regenerated at regular intervals to sustain
    the timing of circulation of the token
    Usage of Token Passing
    Used extensively in ring LANs
    Especially in the IBM token-ring LAN
    A version of this protocol is also used on certain types
    of bus LANs
    Token-bus networks
    Used in large fiber-optics backbones
    Used for the construction of very large networks
    Usage in Practice
    Used in backbones
    Uses in a number of IBM shops
    Overall, the usage of Ethernet surpasses the usage of
    Token-Ring networks that are based on the Token-
    Passing protocol

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