Structures and Elements of Prose

PROS
E
PROS
E
Elements
Introduction Types of
Narrative of Prose
Prose
INTRODUCTIO
N
• From Latin word prosa, part of the phrase prosa oratio, meaning
straightforward speech/ a natural flow of speech
• Written or spoken language in its ordinary form, without metrical structure
• Written in full grammatical sentences, which then constitutes paragraph

TYPES OF
PROSE
• Short story • Biography
Non Fiction
• Novel • Autobiography
Fiction
• Novella • History
• Folktale – legend, • Letter
fable, parable • Diary
• Journal
ELEMENTS OF
NARRATIVE
• Is telling stories, true or false, factual

or fictional, in any medium.
Narrative • Is any activity which results in a story
being told and an event represented and
reported.
ELEMENTS OF NARRATIVE
(CONTINUED)
Story (What is
told)
Narrative Texts
Discourse (How
is it told)
ELEMENTS OF PROSE
FICTION
1. Plot
2. Character and
characterization
3. Setting
4. Point of View
5. Theme
PLO
T
The structure, “framework” or “skeleton” of
the story
The story arc that holds all the events of a

story in an orderly way (E.M. Froster)
The casual and logical structure that

connects events (E.M. Froster)
PLOT
(CONTINUED)
PLOT
(CONTINUED)
Introduction (Exposition) Rising Action
• The beginning of the story where • Complications that arise when the
characters and setting are characters take steps to resolve their
established conflict
Falling Action Climax

• The conflict is in the process of • The turning point of the story and is
being resolved or “unraveled meant to be the moment of highest
interest and emotion
Resolution (Denouement)
• When the problem/conflict is
resolved and the story ends
CHARACTER AND
CHARACTERIZATION
• Character : a person or being in a story that performs the action of the
plot.
• Characterization : the process by which the writer reveals the
personality of the character
CHARACTER AND
CHARACTERIZATION (CONTINUED
)
Protagonist Dynamic
Antagonist Static
Types of
Character
CHARACTER AND
CHARACTERIZATION (CONTINUED)
Direct • Example: He was a simple, good-natured man; he was moreover a

kind neighbor and an obedient, henpecked husband. (‘Rip Van Winkle’
characterization by Washington Irving)
Indirect • Example: I jumped up, knocking over my chair, and had reached the
door when Mama called, ‘Pick up that chair, sit down again, and say
characterization excuse me’. (‘The Scarlet Ibis’ by James Hurst)
SETTIN
G
The historical time and place, and the social circumstances in the
‘world’ of the literature
Geographic Cultural Artificial

Properties
location backdrop environment
• topography • way of life • buildings • furniture

SETTIN
G
Like as he is to look at, so is his apartment in the dusk of the present afternoon. Rusty,
out of date, withdrawing from attention, able to afford it. Heavy broad-backed old-
fashioned mahogany and horsehair chairs, not easily lifted, obsolete tables with
spindle-legs and dusty baize covers, presentation prints of the holders of great titles in
the last generation, or the last but one, environ him. A thick and dingy Turkey-carpet
muffles the floor where he sits, attended by two candles in old-fashioned silver
candlesticks, that give a very insufficient light to his large room.
(Dickens, Bleak House, ch. 10).

POINT OF
VIEW
Point of view is how an author tells his or her reader about a character.
• Involving the • Employing the • Entering the • Entering the

use of either of pronoun “you” thought of thought of one
the two every character character
pronouns “I”
and “we
Second Third person Third person
First person
person omniscient limited
POINT OF
“I have of late,—but wherefore I know not,—
lost all my mirth, forgone all custom of VIEW
exercises; and indeed, it goes so heavily with
my disposition that this goodly frame, the
earth, seems to me a sterile promontory.”
‘Hamlet’ by Shakespeare
Harry had taken up his place at wizard school,

where he and his scar were famous ...but now the
school year was over, and he was back with the
Dursleys for the summer, back to being treated
like a dog that had rolled in something smelly.
Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets by
J.K. Rowling
THEM
E
• A main idea or an underlying meaning of a literary work that may be stated directly
or indirectly.
• Examples of themes:
Love and friendship War
Crime and mystery Revenge

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PROS

• Written or spoken language in its ordinary form, without metrical structure

• Written in full grammatical sentences, which then constitutes paragraph

• Short story • Biography

• Is telling stories, true or false, factual

The story arc that holds all the events of a

The casual and logical structure that

Falling Action Climax

Direct • Example: He was a simple, good-natured man; he was moreover a

Geographic Cultural Artificial

• topography • way of life • buildings • furniture

(Dickens, Bleak House, ch. 10).

• Involving the • Employing the • Entering the • Entering the

Harry had taken up his place at wizard school,

Love and friendship War

Crime and mystery Revenge

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