Ciena Training: By-Arun Singh

Ciena Training
By-Arun Singh
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© 2015 Tata Communications Transformation Services All rights reserved.
TATA COMMUNICATIONS and TATA are trademarks of Tata Sons Limited in certain countries.
www.tatacommunications-ts.com
CONTENET
SDH,WDM & DWDM
OTN Technology
Optical Modulation
Flex Grid Vs. Fixed Grid
WLAi Technology
Submarine Flex Grid

Configurations and Signal
Flow
What is SDH?
• A New Digital Hierarchy

· 155.52 Mb/s, 622.08 Mb/s, 2488.32 Mb/s, 9953.28 Mb/s,
39813.120Mb/s
· Existing PDH and future ATM signals are carried over
the SDH system.
• Very basic functions are same as PDH.
· Multiplex low bit rate digital signals to higher bit rate
and transmit large information efficiently.
3
What are the differences ?
 Synchronous Network
Basically, all network elements work on a single clock
source.
• Abundant Overhead Bits
To carry large information for Network Management.
• Unified Interface and Multiplexing Specifications
Common to all countries.
Standardized optical interfaces.
4
What are the benefits? (1)
- Synchronous Network -

Simple multiplexing process

Easy access to tributary signals in a multiplexed high
bit rate signal.
ADD/DROP distribution
RING survivability
CROSS CONNECT capacity management
band width management
protection route diversity
Simple Access to Tributaries
140M 140M
DD F
34M 34M
8M 8M
A D D /D R O P M U X
2M
PDH
S T M -1 ST M -1
M IN I X - C O N N
SDH
2M
5
What are the benefits? (2)
- Overhead Bits –
• Realization of highly advanced Network

Management System for:
Fault management
Configuration management
Performance management
Security management
Accounting management
6
What are benefits SDH? (3)
- Unified Interface –
• Multi-vendor Environment
• International Connection
7
What are SDH?
- in conclusion –
• SDH is the infrastructure for the telecommunication

network of the 21st century, providing board band and
intelligent services.
8
ITU-T’s Recommendations on SDH
G.707 Network Node Interface for the SDH

G.773 Protocol Suits for Q-interface
G.774 SDH Management Information Model for the Network Element
View
G.781 Synchronization layer functions
G.782 Types and General Characteristics of SDH Multiplexing
Equipment
G.783 Characteristics of SDH Multiplexing Equipment Functional
Blocks
G.784 SDH Management
G.803 Architecture of Transport Networks Based on the SDH
G.813 Timing characteristics of SDH equipment slave clocks(SEC)
G.842 Interworking of SDH network protection architectures
G.957 Optical Interfaces for Equipments and Systems Relating to
SDH
G.958 Digital Line Systems Based on SDH for Use on Optical Fiber
Cables
© 2015 Tata Communications Transformation Services All rights reserved. 9
SDH Bit Rates
CEPT North America Japan

2.048 Mb/s 1.544 Mb/s 1.544 Mb/s
8.448 Mb/s 6.312 Mb/s 6.312 Mb/s PDH
34.368 Mb/s 44.376 Mb/s 32.064 Mb/s G.702
139.264 Mb/s 97.728 Mb/s
STM-0 51.840 Mb/s

STM-1 155.520 Mb/s
STM-4 622.080 Mb/s SDH
STM-16 2,488.320 Mb/s G.707
STM-64 9,953.280 Mb/s
STM-256 39,813.120 Mb/s
STM: Synchronous Transport Module
10
Path and Section
Path
Multiplex Section
Regenerator Regenerator Regenerator
Section Section Section
MUX LT LT MUX
REG REG
VC Processing STM-N Processing
11
Performance Monitoring Point
• Physical Layer
• Section Layer
• Adaptation
• High/Low-order Path Termination
12
Performance Monitoring
-Physical Layer-
• Optical Interface
LDBC : Laser Diode Bias Current
• PDH Interface
CV-L : Code Rule Violation
ES-L : Errored Second
SES-L : Severely Errored Second
• External Clock Interface
CV- ＊ : Code Rule Violation
ES- ＊ : Errored Second)
SES- ＊ : Severely Errored Second
＊ : L or P
13
-Section Layer-
• Regenerator (RS) and Multiplex (MS) Section

ES- ＊＊ : Errored Second
SES- ＊＊ : Severely Errored Seconds
BBE- ＊＊ : Background Block Error
UAS- ＊＊ : Unavailable Seconds
OFS- ＊＊ : Out of Frame Seconds (OOF)
• Multiplex Section Far-end
ES-MSFE : Errored Second
SES-MSFE : Severely Errored Seconds
BBE-MSFE : Background Block Error
UAS-MSFE : Unavailable Seconds
• Multiplex Section
PSC : Protection Switching Count
PSD : Protection Switching Duration
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　＊＊ : RS or MS
14
-Adaptation-
• AU-4 Pointer
PJE (positive) : Pointer Justification Event (positive)
PJE (negative) : Pointer Justification Event (negative)
15
-Path Termination-
• High/Low-order Path (receiving direction)

ES- ＊＊ : Errored Second
SES- ＊＊ : Severely Errored Seconds
BBE- ＊＊ : Background Block Error
UAS- ＊＊ : Unavailable Seconds
• High/Low-order Path (transmitting direction)
ES- ＊＊ FE : Errored Second
SES- ＊＊ FE : Severely Errored Seconds
BBE- ＊＊ FE : Background Block Error
UAS- ＊＊ FE : Unavailable Seconds
＊＊ :
HO or LO
16
Relation between ES, SES and BBE
ES
SES
Blocks in 1sec. period
30 %
1 sec. nonEB } EB BBE
17
Unavailable Second
10 sec. < 10 sec. 10 sec.
Unavailability detected Availability detected
Unavailable period Available period
Severely errored second Errored second

Error-free second
SES ES
18
The future - as seen in 2000
Seen Status
SONET/SDH for
SONET/SDH VOICE
Network Services
Future Network
Fully Routed Optical IP for

Optical IP DATA
Services
Network
LAN
 One new network for both applications!

The Status Today
 SDH/ SONET - is the deployed technology in the

core network with huge investments in capacity!
 Ethernet - is the dominant technology of choice at
LANs and well known at all enterprises worldwide!
 Data traffic is still growing, but only at a slower
speed than expected
 All network topologies focusing on a
IP/Ethernet ONLY approach are shifted to long-
term future.
 The future today:
 Bring SONET/SDH and Ethernet together!
Ethernet vs. SONET/SDH
Ethernet SONET / SDH
Mass market Carrier Class market
Asynchronous Synchronous
Dynamic Bandwidth Fixed Bandwidth
Connection less Connection oriented
Best Effort Service High Quality of Service
How to solve all these challenges?

New SONET/SDH at the
Edge
Customer Operator
Edge Adaptation Core
Ethernet
SONET MUX/DEMUX
GFP VC LCAS
Ficon
Native Interfaces
Generic
?
Virtual Link SONET/
Frame Concatenation Capacity SDH
Escon Procedure Adjustment
Scheme
Fibre LAPS
Channel
Link Access Procedure Scheme
That’s “ New SONET/SDH “
Implementation Ethernet over SDH
Ethernet Cross
Interfaces Layer2
Switch Connection VC,
GFP LCAS
SDH
Eth-Phy
Eth-Phy
VC-12-xv
Eth-Phy VC- 3 -xv
VC- 4 -xv
LAN-Ports WAN-Ports Encapsulation

and Mapping
Customer needs Ethernet
Problem: How can we efficiently transport Ethernet over an

existing SONET/SDH network?
Mbit/s
Customer 3 = 100M
100
Typical
75 Ethernet Traffic
Customer 2 = 60M
50 Connections
Ethernet Packet
25
Customer 1 = 10M
time
1 2 3 4
Example: For 10M available SDH - Containers are...
VC-12 ...too small ! VC-3 ... inefficient

OR 20%
2.176 Mbit/s
48.38 Mbit/s
GFP Overview
Data En- Rate

capsulation Adaptation
for various Mechanism
services
Generic
Frame
Procedure
Asynch. Standardized
clients over ITU-T G.7041
synchronous referred by
networks ANSI
Need for EOS
Ethernet over SDH (EoS) refers to a set of protocols which allow Ethernet traffic to be
carried over SDH networks in an efficient and flexible way.
It was developed primarily to provide a simple, flexible and cost-effective solution to
customers offering Ethernet based services.
An EoS transport solution fundamentally addresses the following key issues

Auto Negotiation (AN), to negotiate and select a common speed and mode of communication
between two link partners.
Generic Framing Procedure (GFP), Framing protocol to encapsulate Ethernet frames to

generate an SDH payload.
Virtual Concatenation (VCAT), Bandwidth provisioning scheme. Bandwidth mapping of the

SDH payload to SDH channels, which are either high-order or low-order virtual containers
(VCs)
Link Capacity Adjustment Scheme (LCAS), a scheme for hitless adjustment (addition &
deletion) of link capacity(Bandwidth)
Link Integrity (LI), for point to point communication, alive feature checks end to end (client to
client) integrity of the link and if there is a breach of integrity anywhere in the link, then
forcefully the health client side(s) are made down.
Flow Control, Rate shaping mechanism to avoid packet drops.

GFP Operation Modes
GFP-F (Framed Mapped):

 For packet oriented clients, e.g. Ethernet
00
 One Client Packet = packed in one GFP frame (1:1)
 Minimal overhead
GFP-T (Transparent Mapped):

 Client characters are directly mapped in GFP-T
frames e.g. Fibre Channel
 Fixed length GFP frames
 Minimal Latency
GFP IDLE Frame:
 Rate Adaptation (“stuffing”)
GFP Management Frame:

 under study
WDM
The ability to use different wavelengths in a single fiber, to combine

and to split them.
29
COMMERCIAL–IN-CONFIDENCE
DWDM
WDM (Wavelength Division Multiplexing), it uses different wavelengths on the same

fibre & is totally protocol independent (SDH, ATM, Ethernet…)
It is known as Dense Wavelength Division Multiplex (DWDM) when the wavelengths

are close (a few nm.)
For a DWDM Transmission system, 40/80 or at present 160 or more wavelengths in
Optical C-Band (1530nm to 1565nm wavelength spectrum) can be carried on one
fibre.
30
OTN ( Optical Trasport Network)
OTN is composed of set of Optical network Elements connected by optical fiber links, able to provide functionality of
transport, multiplexing, routing, management, supervision and survivability of clients signals.
• One important feature of OTN is that the transmission setting of any digital customer signal is independent of
specific feature of the customer, that is independence of customer.
• Enhanced OAM & networking functionality for all services, Dynamically electrical/optical layer groomiing
31
© 2015 Tata Communications Ltd. All rights reserved. TATA COMMUNICATIONS and
TATA are trademarks of Tata Sons Limited in certain countries.
OTN ( Optical Trasport Network)-Frame Structure.
OTU4 ODU4
*40-100G
OTU3 ODU3
*16—40G
OTU2 ODU2
*4-10G
OTU1 ODU1 OPU1

1.25 G
Client sig.
32
Optical Modulation :-
• ASK- Amplitude Shift Keying

• FSK- Frequency Shift Keying PSK
• PSK- Phase Shift Keying
• BPSK- Binary PSK
• QPSK- Quadrature PSK BPSK QPSK
Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK) is a two phase modulation scheme, where the 0’s and 1’s in a binary message
are represented by two different phase states in the carrier signal: θ=0∘θ=0∘for binary 1 and θ=180∘θ=180∘ for
binary 0.
33
Optical Modulation:-Cont..
The Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) is a variation of BPSK, and it is also a Double Side Band Suppressed
Carrier (DSBSC) modulation scheme, which sends two bits of digital information at a time, called as bigits.
More Advanced Techniques:-

• DP-QPSK ( Transmitting 2 Waves ( Horizontal & Vertical)
34
Optical Modulation:-Cont..
• QAM- Quadrature Amplitude Modulation( 8QAM, 16 QAM,32QAM, and so on):-It includes both Phase &
Amplitude
35
Flex Grid Vs. Fixed Grid
Fixed Grid Technology:- 196.1–191.7 = 4.4 THz of Spectrum is Available in C Band ( Total- 4.8 THz is available
with Extended C Band)
Means, each channels is of 50 GHz, so 4.4 THz / 50 GHz = 88. So, in Total we can have 88 Channels, each of 50
GHz Spectrum range.
Flex Grid Technology:- Flex Grid means that the GRID spacing can be flexible, i.e. not limited to 50GHz, but
despite this, guard band is necessary between each channel to avoid any interference or cross talk.
36
Flex Grid configuration and overview- Ciena
37
Flex Grid WSS-based SLTE
38
100G Wave logic Cards :-
There are Several types of the 100G Wave logic Cards:-
• WL3 OCLD:- Support similar features provided by the 100G OCLD circuit packs and also
provides increased reach, Polarization Mode dispersion ( PMD) robustness, higher shelf
density, lower latency and collarless networking support.
• WL3/WL3e FLEX2 :- Adds provisionable modulation format support allowing DP-QPSK
and DP-BPSK mode of operation.
• Flex3 WL3e OCLD:- Adds extra provisionable modulation format support allowing DP-
QPSK and DP-BPSK and DP-16QAM mode of operation. The Flex3 OCLD is able to
provide a 200G line interface and together with ciena100G client cards.
• Flex3 WL3e encryption OCLD :- supports 100G and 200G encryption/decryption at the
ODU4 payload level with E2E encryption authentication/key exchange. Modulation rates
supports are 100G for QPSK and 200G for 16QAM.
• Flex4 WL3e OCLD :- same Flex3 WL3e OCLD and extra supports DP-8QAM modulation.
39
Flex Submarine-Client Side Cards/Line Side Cards
The Flexible Grid SLTE at a minimum of one or more CCMD12, a GMD10, a flex WSS, an MBMD2, a LIM( MLA2 or MLA3),
a UBMD and a Flex OPM( CMD44 can still be deployed if needed). An optional ISS can also be deployed if supervisory
functions are needed.
40
41
42
43
44
Key Submarine Service Cards- Flexible Grid Solutions.
45
46
47
48
49
100G OCI Circuit Pack :-
• Not supported in the 2 slot self.

50
200G MUX 2x100G/5x40G QSFP28/QSFP+:-
51
WLAi Technology :-
WLAi Technology:- Multiple areas are improved of WLAi technology elements compared to WL3 such as higher
capacity per length, ultra low power, chromatic dispersion capability of up to 14000 km.
Note:-WLAi is the evaluation of WL3 technology. It offers 35 and 56 Gbaud signals to provide 100G to 400G line r
Rates
---WLAi 100 G to 400G ( 35 & 56 Gbaud) then WLAi extreme and ultra low power 100 G to 600G ( 35 & 75 Gbaud )
52
WLAi Technology :-
As a result, it provides:-
• Twice the channel capacity across a range of applications
• Three times the distance at equivalent capacity and Four times the service density.
• Multi-Phase WL Ai Technology- (400G to 1T on single carrier)
53
WLAi MOTR Cards :-
54 The WLAi MOTR is a single product engineering code ( PEC) for all applications.
Applications is unlocked vis uses of a modem and reach class license

WLAi Network Applications :-
• Regeneration at this release is achieved by connecting pass-through 100GE signals

55 using fiber pairs in between WLAi client ports
Submarine Flex Grid Configurations and Signal Flow:-
Different type of Flex Repeatered SLTE configurations:-

1. WSS Based Terminal ( Flexible Grid WSS Based Terminal).
2. Flexible Grid Directionally Independent Access ( DIA) –Structure for Diverse submarine paths.
3. Flexible Grid Colorless Direct Attach ( CDA) muxing– providing increased flexibility.
4. Define GeoMesh networks.
Flexible Grid WSS-based SLTE

Power Mgmt. Other Items
Transponders Muxing SLTE core control stage
Signals ISS( Optional)
Stage- WSS
MLA3 UBMD2
CCMD12 OPM
SLIC10 MBMD2
GMD10 MLA3
BMD2
Colorless OADM ( COADM)
1. SMD solutions- Fully colorless ( No Fixed Filters) and better TX OSNR ( No overlapping filters)
56
DIA Stage( Directionally Independent Access Stage):-

• An additional WSS placed in between the muxing stage and the core stage provide the DIA functionality
• On the add path, the signal is broadcast to all different paths and selected/ controlled by the different
SLTE’s WSS.
• On the add path, the signals coming from multiple SLTE’s are selected/controlled with DIA WSS
SLT SLT
E-1 E-2
W W
SS SS
Gridless WSS
DIA structure
MLA3
57
COADM ( SMD +WSS)
Multiple DIA Banks Support:-

• To avoid nodal contention, and deploy same frequency in both direction- a 2nd DIA structure s required
SLT SLT
E-1 E-2
W W
SS SS
Gridless WSS Gridless WSS
MLA3
MLA3 DIA structure
COADM ( SMD +WSS) COADM ( SMD +WSS)
58
Regenless Terrestrial Backhaul:-
59
Thank You!

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SDH,WDM & DWDM

Flex Grid Vs. Fixed Grid

Submarine Flex Grid

• A New Digital Hierarchy

Simple Access to Tributaries

• Realization of highly advanced Network

• SDH is the infrastructure for the telecommunication

G.707 Network Node Interface for the SDH

CEPT North America Japan

STM-0 51.840 Mb/s

VC Processing STM-N Processing

• High/Low-order Path Termination

• Regenerator (RS) and Multiplex (MS) Section

• High/Low-order Path (receiving direction)

Blocks in 1sec. period

1 sec. nonEB } EB BBE

10 sec. < 10 sec. 10 sec.

Unavailability detected Availability detected

Unavailable period Available period

Severely errored second Errored second

Fully Routed Optical IP for

 One new network for both applications!

 SDH/ SONET - is the deployed technology in the

Ethernet SONET / SDH

Mass market Carrier Class market

Dynamic Bandwidth Fixed Bandwidth

Connection less Connection oriented

Best Effort Service High Quality of Service

How to solve all these challenges?

Link Access Procedure Scheme

LAN-Ports WAN-Ports Encapsulation

Problem: How can we efficiently transport Ethernet over an

VC-12 ...too small ! VC-3 ... inefficient

Data En- Rate

An EoS transport solution fundamentally addresses the following key issues

Generic Framing Procedure (GFP), Framing protocol to encapsulate Ethernet frames to

Virtual Concatenation (VCAT), Bandwidth provisioning scheme. Bandwidth mapping of the

Flow Control, Rate shaping mechanism to avoid packet drops.

GFP-F (Framed Mapped):

GFP-T (Transparent Mapped):

GFP Management Frame:

The ability to use different wavelengths in a single fiber, to combine

WDM (Wavelength Division Multiplexing), it uses different wavelengths on the same

It is known as Dense Wavelength Division Multiplex (DWDM) when the wavelengths

OTU1 ODU1 OPU1

• ASK- Amplitude Shift Keying

More Advanced Techniques:-

There are Several types of the 100G Wave logic Cards:-

• Not supported in the 2 slot self.

Applications is unlocked vis uses of a modem and reach class license

• Regeneration at this release is achieved by connecting pass-through 100GE signals

Different type of Flex Repeatered SLTE configurations:-

Flexible Grid WSS-based SLTE

DIA Stage( Directionally Independent Access Stage):-

Multiple DIA Banks Support:-

COADM ( SMD +WSS) COADM ( SMD +WSS)

Regenless Terrestrial Backhaul:-

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