Consumer Behavior: Buying, Having, and

Being
Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition

Chapter 7

Personality, Lifestyles,
and Values

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Learning Objectives (1 of 2)
7.1 A consumer’s personality influences the way he or she
responds to marketing stimuli, but efforts to use this
information in marketing contexts meet with mixed results.
7.2 Brands have personalities.
7.3 A lifestyle defines a pattern of consumption that reflects a
person’s choices of how to spend his or her time and money,
and these choices are essential to define consumer identity.

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Learning Objectives (2 of 2)
7.4 Psychographics go beyond simple demographics to help
marketers understand and reach different consumer
segments.
7.5 Underlying values often drive consumer motivations.

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Learning Objective 7.1
A consumer’s personality influences the way he or she
responds to marketing stimuli, but efforts to use this
information in marketing contexts meet with mixed results.

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Freud
• ID
• Ego
• Superego

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Motivational Research and
Consumption Motives
• Power-masculinity-virility • Status
• Security • Femininity
• Eroticism • Reward
• Moral purity-cleanliness • Mastery over
environment
• Social acceptance
• Disalienation
• Individuality
• Magic-mystery

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Neo-Freudian Theories
Karen Horney
• Compliant versus detached versus aggressive

Alfred Adler
• Motivation to overcome inferiority

Harry Stack Sullivan

• Personality evolves to reduce anxiety

Carl Jung
• Developed analytical psychology
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Carl Jung, Father of Analytical
Psychology
• Disciple of Freud
• Established concept of collective unconscious
• Explained the creation of archetypes
– Old wise man
– Earth mother
• Young & Rubicam uses the concept of archetypes in its
BrandAsset® Archetypes model

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Trait Theory
• Personality traits: identifiable characteristics that define a
person
• Traits relevant to consumer behavior:
– Innovativeness
– Materialism
– Self-consciousness
– Need for cognition
– Frugality

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The Big Five
Table 7.3 Description of Big Five Personality Dimensions
Example of Measurement
Blank Description
Items (agree/disagree)
The degree to which a person is Love to think up new ways of
Openness to experience
open to new ways of doing things doing things
The level of organization and
Conscientiousness Am always prepared
structure a person needs
How well a person tolerates Talk to a lot of different people
Extroversion
stimulation from people at parties
The degree to which we defer to
Agreeableness Take time out for others
other people
Neuroticism (emotional How well a person copes with
Get upset easily
instability) stress

Source: Michael R. Solomon, Rebekah Russell-Bennett, and Josephine Previte,

Consumer Behaviour: Buying, Having, Being, 3rd ed., Frenchs Forest, NSW: Pearson
Australia, 2012.

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Brand Asset Valuator Archetypes (1 of 2)

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Brand Asset Valuator Archetypes (2 of 2)

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MB TI
• Focus of attention
• Information processing
• Decision making
• Dealing with outer world

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For Reflection (1 of 8)
• Describe a time when the Id took over on purchase
consumption. Did you keep the item?

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Learning Objective 7.2
Brand have personalities.

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An Example of Brand Personality

Source: Reprinted with permission from Journal of Marketing, published by the American
Marketing Association, Ulrich R. Orth & Keven Malkewitz, May 2008, Vol. 72, p 73. age

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Brand Personality
• Brand personality: set of traits people attribute to a
product as if it were a person
• Reader response theory
• Underdog brand biography
• Anthromorphism
• Doppleganger brand image

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Brand Behaviors and Possible
Personality Trait Inferences

Brand Action Trait Inference

Brand is repositioned several times or Flighty, schizophrenic
changes slogan repeatedly
Brand uses continuing character in Familiar, comfortable
advertising
Brand charges high prices and uses Snobbish, sophisticated
exclusive distribution
Brand frequently available on deal Cheap, uncultured
Brand offers many line extensions Versatile, adaptable

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Closet Products and Personality

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For Reflection (2 of 8)
• How can marketers link a brand’s personality with the
lifestyle of a consumer segment?

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Learning Objective 7.3
A lifestyle defines a pattern of consumption that reflects a
person’s choices of how to spend his or her time and money,
and these choices are essential to define consumer identity.

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Lifestyles and Consumer Identity
• Lifestyles
– E-sports
– Metro
– Hesher
– Emo
• Lifestyle marketing perspective

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Product Complementarity and
Co-Branding Strategies (1 of 2)
• Co-branding strategies- companies team up to promote 2
or more products.
• Product complementarity- occurs when symbolic meanings
of different products relate to one another.
• Consumption constellation

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Product Complementarity and
Co-Branding Strategies (2 of 2)
Figure 7.3 Consumption Style

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For Reflection (3 of 8)
• Identify products and settings that would be at home in
your consumption styles.
• Have marketers identified these consumption styles and
used them in advertising?

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Learning Objective 7.4
Psychographics go beyond simple demographics to help
marketers understand and reach different consumer
segments.

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Psychographic Analysis
• Lifestyle profile
• Product-specific profile
• General lifestyle segmentation
• Product-specific segmentation

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A I Os
Table 7.8 AIO Dimensions
Activities Interests Opinions Demographics
Work Family Themselves Age
Hobbies Home Social issues Education
Social events Job Politics Income
Vacation Community Business Occupation
Entertainment Recreation Economics Family size
Club membership Fashion Education Dwelling
Community Food Products Geography
Shopping Media Future City size
Sports Achievements Culture Stage in life cycle

Source: William D. Wells and Douglas J. Tigert, “Activities, Interests, and Opinions,”
Journal of Advertising Research 11 (August 1971): 27–35. © 1971 by The Advertising
Research Foundation. Used with permission.
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Uses of Psychographic Studies
• Define target market
• Create a new view of market
• Position the product
• Better communicate product attributes
• Develop product strategy
• Market social and political issues

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For Reflection (4 of 8)
Japan-VALS™
• Integrators
• Self-Innovators and Self-Adapters
• Ryoshiki Innovators and Ryoshiki Adapters
• Traditional Innovators and Traditional Adapters

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For Reflection (5 of 8)
Japan-VALS™
• High Pragmatics and Low Pragmatics
• Sustainers

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For Reflection (6 of 8)
UK VALS™
• Activators
• Traditionalists
• Achievers
• Seekers
• Pragmatics
• Constraineds

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For Reflection (7 of 8)
• Which VALS category would you guess you are in? Why?
• Do you see possible linkages between brand images and
the segments in the VALS system?

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Learning Objective 7.5
Underlying values often drive consumer motivations

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Value Concepts
Core values Crescive norms
• Value systems • Custom
• Enculturation • More
• Acculturation • Conventions

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How Values Link to Consumer
Behavior (1 of 2)
Table 7.7 Terminal and Instrumental Values

Instrumental values Terminal values

Ambitious A comfortable life
Broad-minded An exciting life
Capable A sense of accomplishment
Cheerful A world of peace
Clean A world of beauty
Courageous Equality
Forgiving Family security
Helpful Freedom

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How Values Link to Consumer
Behavior (2 of 2)
Table 7.7 [continued]
Instrumental values Terminal values
Honest Happiness
Imaginative Inner harmony
Independent Mature love
Intellectual National security
Logical Pleasure
Loving Salvation
Obedient Self-respect
Polite Social recognition
Responsible True friendship
Self-controlled Wisdom

Source: Copyright 1983 From Measuring the Cultural Values Manifest in Advertising,” Current Issues
and Research in Advertising (1983): 71–92 by Richard Pollay. Reproduced by permission of the
American Academy of Advertising (aaoa.wildapricot.org)

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Other Value Concepts
• The List of Values (LOV)
• The Means-End Chain Model
• Syndicated Surveys of Values (e.g., VALS)

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For Reflection (8 of 8)
• How do you assign people to social classes, or do you at
all?
• What consumption cues do you use (e.g., clothing,
speech, cars, etc.) to determine social standing?

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Chapter Summary (1 of 2)
• A consumer’s personality influences the way he or she
responds to marketing stimuli, but efforts to use this
information in marketing contexts meet with mixed results.
• Brands have personalities.

Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved.

Chapter Summary (2 of 2)
• A lifestyle defines a pattern of consumption that reflects a
person’s choices of how to spend his or her time and
money, and these choices are essential to define
consumer identity.
• Psychographics go beyond simple demographics to help
marketers understand and reach different consumer
segments.
• Underlying values often drive consumer motivations.

Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved.

Copyright

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