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    Flowering Hormone - Florigen II M.SC Bot

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    jeline rani
    1. Flowering in plants is controlled by photoperiodism, where plants flower in response to the relative lengths of day and night. 2. Experiments in the 1920s by Garner and Allard discovered that plants such as tobacco and soybeans flowered in response to changes in day length, leading to the theory of photoperiodism. 3. Further experiments demonstrated that a flowering hormone called "florigen" is produced in the leaves in response to changes in day length and transported to the shoots to induce flowering.

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    Flowering Hormone - Florigen II M.SC Bot

    Uploaded by

    jeline rani
    110 views28 pages
    1. Flowering in plants is controlled by photoperiodism, where plants flower in response to the relative lengths of day and night. 2. Experiments in the 1920s by Garner and Allard discovered that plants such as tobacco and soybeans flowered in response to changes in day length, leading to the theory of photoperiodism. 3. Further experiments demonstrated that a flowering hormone called "florigen" is produced in the leaves in response to changes in day length and transported to the shoots to induce flowering.

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    Florigen Production

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    Flowering Hormone - Florigen II M.Sc Bot

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    1. Flowering in plants is controlled by photoperiodism, where plants flower in response to the relative lengths of day and night. 2. Experiments in the 1920s by Garner and Allard discovered that plants such as tobacco and soybeans flowered in response to changes in day length, leading to the theory of photoperiodism. 3. Further experiments demonstrated that a flowering hormone called "florigen" is produced in the leaves in response to changes in day length and transported to the shoots to induce flowering.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    110 views28 pages

    Flowering Hormone - Florigen II M.SC Bot

    Uploaded by

    jeline rani
    1. Flowering in plants is controlled by photoperiodism, where plants flower in response to the relative lengths of day and night. 2. Experiments in the 1920s by Garner and Allard discovered that plants such as tobacco and soybeans flowered in response to changes in day length, leading to the theory of photoperiodism. 3. Further experiments demonstrated that a flowering hormone called "florigen" is produced in the leaves in response to changes in day length and transported to the shoots to induce flowering.

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    Flowering Hormone - Florigen

    II M.Sc Bot
    Photoperiodism
    • Development – plant bears flowers & fruits for
    reproduction – maturity is attained.
    • Period of vegetative growth – proceeds
    flowering – varies from plant to plant.
    • Ex: Maize produce flower – it has minimum
    number of leaves.
    • The number of leaves depend on the variety of
    corn.
    • Bamboo flowers after 32 years of growth.
    Physiological Mechanism for flowering

    • Controlled by
    • 1. Light Period (Photo period)
    • 2. Temperature (Vernalization)
    Photoperiodism
    • W. W. Garner & H.A. Allard 1920 –
    • Newly developed tobacco mutant
    • Maryland Mammoth & Soybeans (Glycine
    max)
    • Strange seasonal pattern of flowering.
    • Maryland Mammoth grow well during
    summer .
    • It had very large leaves but it wouldn’t flower.
    • Maryland variety shown excellent flowering &
    fruiting
    • When grown during the winter season / when
    brought into the green house.
    • Soybeans flower only in the late summer.
    • When they placed the plants in a dark chamber &
    • They provided a shorter light period (reduced in
    length by few hours).
    • Flowering occurred.
    • Garner & Allard suggested – term
    Photoperiodism.
    • The response of organisms to the relative
    length of the day and night.
    • Based on the photoperiod – classified plants
    – three groups.
    • Short-day plants
    • Long-day plants
    • Day-neutral plants
    • Short-day plants:
    • Flower when the day length is less than a
    certain critical length (12 hours).
    • The day length must not exceed a critical
    value.
    • Long-day Plants:
    • Flower when the day length is greater than a
    certain length, that is twelve hours.
    • The day length must not be less than a certain
    critical value.
    • Day-Neutral Plants:
    • They are insensitive to day length as well as
    temperature.
    • They can flower in any day length.
    • Short-day plants:
    • Chenopodium album
    • Zea mays
    • Glycine max
    • Euphorbia pulcherrima
    • Long day Plants:
    • Mentha piperita
    • Raphanus sativus
    • Spinacia oleracea
    • Day-Neutral Plants:
    • Gossypium hirsutum
    • Pisum sativum
    • Oryza sativa
    Flowering Hormone
    • Evidences for the Existence of flowering
    Hormone in Plants:
    • 1. Site of Stimulation & Site of Response
    • Buds do not perceive the stimulus.
    • Leaves perceive & transfer to buds in the
    form of flowering hormone.
    • 2. Grafting Experiments
    • A short day plant kept in long day conditions
    can be induced to flower,
    • When it is grafted with properly photoinduced
    plant.
    • A diffusible flowering hormone has moved
    from one plant to other &
    • Induced the short day plant to flower.
    Experiments on Grafting
    • Lang performed – No. of grafting experiments
    • All grades of grafting are possible like
    • Intravarietal
    • Intervarietal
    • Interspecific &
    • Intergeneric.
    • Grafting short day plants on to long day plants
    • Grafting long day plants on to short day plants
    Formation of Flowering Hormone
    • Synthesis of florigen explained by
    Chailakhyan.
    • CO2 – indispensible for Flowering
    • Compound A – synthesized from CO2 –
    required for flower induction.
    • Compound A converted into B during –
    succeeding dark period.
    • A & B – formed in the leaf.
    • Formation of compound C – initiation of
    flowering.
    • Compound C – synthesized in leaves –
    translocated to the shoot apex.
    • Compound C – called Florigen – Chailakhyan
    1936.
    • Diagram - Gregory
    • If the dark period – interrupted by a flash of
    light in the beginning – no inhibitory effect on
    the synthesis of flowering hormone.
    • If interruption is near at the end – ineffective.
    • If the interruption is midway – inhibit
    flowering hormone.
    GA & Flowering Response
    • LD plants under unfavorable photoperiod,
    supplied with GA.
    • It initiate floral primordia
    • Brian (1959), Chailakhyan (1958) & Naylor
    (1961) – Hypothesis associating GA with florigen.
    • Gnlly, CO2 give rise to a precursor.
    • Precursor leads to the formation of GA like
    hormone – converted in to the floral Hormone.
    C/N ratio
    • Early scientists – believed – Nutrition responsible
    for flowering.
    • Kraus & Kraybill – Tomato – Good supply of
    Nitrates & Carbohydrates – favored vegetative
    growth.
    • Reduction in Nitrates caused a swing towards
    reproduction.
    • Poor nitrate supply – both vegetative and
    reproductive growth declined.
    • Depending upon the C/N ratio – differences in
    the flowering of SD and LD plants.
    • Very high C/N ratio
    • High C/N ratio
    • Low C/N ratio
    • Very low C/N ratio
    • Very high C/ low N ratio:
    • Weak vegetative growth and non-fruiting.
    • High C / High N ratio:
    • Luxuriant vegetative growth
    • Fail to flower
    • Low C / Moderate N ratio:
    • Lessened vegetative growth
    • Abundant flower and fruit formation
    • Very Low C / Very high N ratio:
    • Weak vegetative growth
    • Flowering suppressed.
    • Proper balance – C/N ratio needed for
    • Vegetative growth & flowering
    • Shorter exposure to SD plants
    • Longer exposure in LD plants

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