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    Materials Science & Engineering

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    This document provides an introduction to materials science and engineering. It discusses the rotational symmetries that are compatible with translational symmetry in crystal structures. Only rotations of 1, 2, 3, 4, and 6-fold are allowed, as other rotations would not result in the lattice points repeating in a translational pattern. It presents an example using a hexagonal lattice to illustrate why a 6-fold rotation is compatible but other rotations like 5 or 8-fold are not. Quasicrystals can have rotational symmetries like 5 or 8-fold due to having inflationary symmetry instead of translational periodicity.

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    Materials Science & Engineering

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    abc
    11 views5 pages
    This document provides an introduction to materials science and engineering. It discusses the rotational symmetries that are compatible with translational symmetry in crystal structures. Only rotations of 1, 2, 3, 4, and 6-fold are allowed, as other rotations would not result in the lattice points repeating in a translational pattern. It presents an example using a hexagonal lattice to illustrate why a 6-fold rotation is compatible but other rotations like 5 or 8-fold are not. Quasicrystals can have rotational symmetries like 5 or 8-fold due to having inflationary symmetry instead of translational periodicity.

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    This document provides an introduction to materials science and engineering. It discusses the rotational symmetries that are compatible with translational symmetry in crystal structures. Only rotations of 1, 2, 3, 4, and 6-fold are allowed, as other rotations would not result in the lattice points repeating in a translational pattern. It presents an example using a hexagonal lattice to illustrate why a 6-fold rotation is compatible but other rotations like 5 or 8-fold are not. Quasicrystals can have rotational symmetries like 5 or 8-fold due to having inflationary symmetry instead of translational periodicity.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    11 views5 pages

    Materials Science & Engineering

    Uploaded by

    abc
    This document provides an introduction to materials science and engineering. It discusses the rotational symmetries that are compatible with translational symmetry in crystal structures. Only rotations of 1, 2, 3, 4, and 6-fold are allowed, as other rotations would not result in the lattice points repeating in a translational pattern. It presents an example using a hexagonal lattice to illustrate why a 6-fold rotation is compatible but other rotations like 5 or 8-fold are not. Quasicrystals can have rotational symmetries like 5 or 8-fold due to having inflationary symmetry instead of translational periodicity.

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    You are on page 1of 5

    MATERIALS SCIENCE

    Part of & AALearner’s Guide


    Learner’s Guide
    ENGINEERING
    AN INTRODUCTORY E-BOOK
    Anandh Subramaniam & Kantesh Balani
    Materials Science and Engineering (MSE)
    Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur- 208016
    Email: [email protected], URL: home.iitk.ac.in/~anandh
    http://home.iitk.ac.in/~anandh/E-book.htm
    The
    Therotations
    rotationscompatible
    compatiblewith
    withtranslational
    translationalsymmetry
    symmetryare
    are(1,
    (1,2,2,3,3,4,4,6)
    6)
     In general any n-fold rotational axis is possible, where ‘n’ divides 360 without leaving a
    reminder. E.g. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 8, 12- fold axes are possible.
     Apart from 1 (trivial), 2, 3, 4, 6- fold axes, other rotations are not compatible with
    translational symmetry.
     We will see next “why” this is so. First, let us observe two rows of lattice points in a
    hexagonal lattice. Note that after the action of the 6-fold axes (twice over) the spacing
    between the lattice points in the next row is 2t. (AA’, BB’).

     Some of the disallowed crystallographic symmetries like 5, 8, 12- fold are seen in
    QUASICRYSTALS.
     In quasicrystals translational periodicity is absent, but they have inflationary symmetry.
     Consider two rows of lattice points: R1 and R2
     A is taken to A’ by the lattice translation vector t (modulus is t)
     Point A is taken to B’ by a rotation axis and similarly A’ is taken to B by a rotation axis
     If B and B’ have to qualify as lattice points then BB’ must be an integral multiple of AA’, i.e. b = mt
    (where m is an integer)

    b  mt b  t  2t.Cos

    mt  t  2t.Cos

    m  1  2Cos

    2Cos  1  m

    m & (1  m) are integers

    Say (1  m) is M
    M
    Cos  Thus Cos can take only half-integral values.
    2
    The permitted values are in the table in the next slide.
    M Cos  n = 2/
    3 3/2 - -
    2 1  2
    1 1/2 2/3 3
    0 0 /2 4
    1 ½ /3 6
    2 1 0 1
    3 3/2 - -

     When we talk about n-fold, we also include the roto-reflection and roto-inversion axes.

    Hence, if n is allowed then n and n are also allowed .


    Is 5-fold symmetry not allowed in crystals because of the fact that pentagons
    Funda Check cannot tile the plane. (Noting that pentagons have 5-fold symmetry).

     Yes, the following two statements are true:


     ‘A’ regular pentagon cannot tile the plane ‘monohedrally’
     5-fold symmetry is not allowed in crystals.
     This does not imply that this is the reason (for the fact) that crystals cannot have 5-fold
    symmetry.
     E.g. A regular tetrahedron cannot tile space monohedrally; however, tetrahedral symmetry
    (23) is observed in crystals!
     A interesting aside:
    though regular pentagons cannot tile the plane, a non-regular version of the same can tile
    the plane (found in Egypt- as created by ancient artisans). The number of such non-regular
    pentagons which can tile the plane is ‘not known’ (i.e. the number of ways in which a non-
    regular pentagon can tile the plane is not known).

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