Unit 1

 History of Computing Systems

 Computer Basics and Computer Organization
 Computer Architecture
 Introduction to various connecting devices.
 Recent additions – IoT, Robotics and new alternate architectures
What is computer?
• A Computer is an electronic machine that can solve different problems, process data, store &
retrieve data and perform calculations faster and efficiently than humans”.

• A computer can be defined as an electronic device that is designed to accept data, perform the
required mathematical and logical operations at high speed and output the result.
 Data & Information

Data

• Data in a computer terminology mean raw facts and figures. Data is a raw material of information.

For ex-mohan,1977 etc.

Information
• It means what we get after processing Data (meaningful data).
• Data are aggregated and summarized in various meaningful ways to form information.
for ex. mohan’s roll no is 1977.

What goes in the computers is data and what comes out of them is information. This process of turning data
into information is also known as information processing cycle.
 Characteristics of computers
a) SPEED :Computers work at an incredible speed. A powerful computer is capable of performing
about 3-4 million simple instructions per second.

b) ACCURACY : Since Computer is programmed, so what ever input we give it gives results
accurately. Errors that may occur can almost always be attributed to human error (inaccurate data,
poorly designed system or faulty instructions/programs written by the programmer)

c) STORAGE : Computer can store mass storage of data with appropriate format.

d) DILIGENCE :Unlike human beings, computers are highly consistent. They do not suffer from human
traits of boredom and tiredness resulting in lack of concentration. Computers, therefore, are better
than human beings in performing voluminous and repetitive jobs.

e) VERSATILITY :Computers are versatile machines and are capable of performing any task as long as
it can be broken down into a series of logical steps. The presence of computers can be seen in almost
every sphere – Railway/Air reservation, Banks, Hotels, Weather forecasting and many more.
f) POWER OF REMEMBERING : It can remember data for us.

g) NO IQ : computer does not have any decision making abilities of their own .Computer
does not work without instruction.

h)No feeling : Computer does not have emotions, knowledge, experience, feeling.

i) Automation: computers are automatable devices that can perform a task without any
user intervention. The user needs to assign the task to the computer, after which it
automatically controls different devices attached to it and executes the program
instructions.
Classification of computers
classification of computers
Based on historical development
The Five Generations of
Computers
 1. First Generation Computer

• The first generation of computer was between 1945 to 1955. The main element of this computer ware “Vacuum Tube”. Their memories were build of liquid
mercury and magnetic drums.

Advantages
1) This type of computers is simple and stores information. They were the fastest calculating device of their time.

Disadvantages
1) Large size. So was not able to carry.
2) Bulky in size
3) Vaccum tube and filaments have limited life. Hence frequently down with hardware failure.
4) Needed constant maintenance.
5) Limited commercial use because they were difficult to program
6) This computer uses more electricity.
7) generated lots of heat.Need cold weather.
8) Most costly machine.

Language
1) Machine Language
2) Assembly Language

Example
1) Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Computer (EDSAC)
2) Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer (EDVAC)
3) Electronic Numerical Integrator And Calculator (ENIAC)
4) Mark-I
 2. Second Generation Computer

• This computer used in 1956 to 1964. The main element of this computer was “Transistors” and used “Magnetic Cores”
for Memories. William Shockley, John Bordin and Walter Brattain invented Transistors.
Advantages
• 1) More speed than First Generation computer.
• 2) Size smaller than First Generation computer.
• 3) More reliable than First Generation computer.
• 4) Save more electricity than First Generation computer.
• 5) Low cost than First Generation computer.
• 6) had faster primary memory and a larger secondary memory

Disadvantages
• 1) Need cold weather.
• 2) computers were manufactured using transistors, which required manual assembly.

Language
• High level Language, Like as- BASIC, COBOL, ALGOL, FORTRAN etc.

Example of Second Generation of Computer

• IBM-1401, IBM-1620, IBM-7000, NCR-304 etc.
 3. Third Generation Computer

• This computer used in 1965 to 1975. The main element of this computer was “Integrated circuits” (I.C) and the first operating
system. Several electronic components such as transistors, resistors and capacitors were miniatured and placed on silicon chips
called IC, which drastically increased the speed and efficiency of computers.
Advantages
• 1) More reliable than the first and second generation computer.
• 2) Smaller than first and second generation.
• 3)  Save more electricity than first and second generation computer.
• 4) These computers Produce low heat than first and second generation.
• 5) These computers had faster and larger primary and secondary storage.
• 6) could run time sharing operating system, which allowed interactive use of a computer by one or more users simultaneously

Disadvantages 
• 1) got heated very quickly. Need cold weather.
• 2) were difficult to maintain

Language
• New FORTRAN, New COBOL, PASCAL.

Example
• IBM 360, IBM 370, ICL 2900, CDC 1700 etc.
 4. Fourth Generation Computer

• This computer used in 1975 to 1984. The main element of this computer was “Chips” (LSIC– Large Scale Integrated Circuit
and VLSIC– very Large Scale Integrated Circuit ).
Advantages 
• 1) Very small Size than their predecessors. So very easy to carry.
• 2)  More storage capacity than first, second and third Generation.
• 3) Save more electricity than first, second and third Generation .
• 4) could be used as general purpose computers.
• 5) No need to maintain like earlier.
• 6) networks allowed sharing of resources.

Disadvantages 
• 1) The functions of this computer are more critical than first, second and third Generation.
• 2) The used softwares are very critical.
• 3) were not intelligent systems.

Language
• C, C++, SQL, Word etc.

Example
• DEC-10, IBM-4341, PRP-II , APPLE-II etc.
 5. Fifth Generation Computer

• This computer used in 1985 to Now. The main element of this computer is “Knowledge Information Process System”. Based on
artificial intelligence(AI).

Advantages 
• 1) This type of computer is versatile device by which we can perform various types of programme.
• 2) Low cost than first, second and third generation Computer.
• 3) High speed than first, second and third generation Computer.
• 4) This computer have artificial intelligence.
• 5) areas of usage: gaming,expert system-help doctors in diagonising disease based on patients symptoms, robotics, voice
recognition systems.

Language
• MS Office , Java ,LISP, prolog etc.

Example
• Desktop, Laptop, Note Book, Ultra Book, Chrome Book.
Classification of computers
based on size and performance(speed)

Study link: http://cfeed.blogspot.in/2014/08/114-classification-of-

computers.html
• The computers are broadly classified into four categories based on their size
and type
1. Supercomputer
2. Mainframe computers
3. Minicomputers
4. Microcomputers
 supercomputers

• First developed in 1980s to process large amount of data and to solve complex scientific problems.
• Supercomputers are the fastest and the most expensive machines.
• They have high processing speed compared to other computers. The speed of a supercomputer is
generally measured in FLOPS (Floating point Operations per Second). Some of the faster
supercomputers can perform trillions of calculations per second. 
• Use parallel processing technology.
• A single supercomputer can support thousands of users at the same time.
• Supercomputers are used for highly calculation-intensive tasks, such as, weather forecasting, climate
research (global warming), molecular research, biological research, nuclear research and aircraft
design. They are also used in major universities, military agencies and scientific research
laboratories. 
• Some examples of supercomputers are IBM Roadrunner, IBM Blue gene and Intel ASCI red, PARAM,
CRAY 1, CRAY 2.
 Mainframe computers
• Mainframe computers are multi-user, multi-programming and high performance computers.
• They operate at a very high speed, have very large storage capacity and can handle the workload of many
users.
• Mainframe computers are large and powerful systems generally used in centralized databases. They support a
large number of terminals for simultaneous use by a number of users like ATM transactions.
• They are also used as central host computers in distributed data processing system.
• Mainframe computers are used in organizations like banks or companies, where many people require frequent
access to the same data.
• Examples: -IBM 370, IBM S/390 support 50000 users at the same time, control data CYBER 176, Amdahl 580 etc
• Users can access mainframe by either using terminals or via PCs.

• There are two types of terminals that can be used with mainframe:
a) Dumb terminals: consist of only a monitor and a keyboard(or mouse). They do not have own CPU, memory
and use mainframe system’s CPU and storage devices.
b) Intelligent terminals: have their own processor and thus can perform some processing operations. They do
not have their own storage space. PCs can be used as intelligent terminals to facilitate data access and other
services from the mainframe system.
 Mini computers

• Smaller, cheaper and slower than mainframes.

• Also known as midrange computers, the capabilities fall between mainframe and PCs
• Minicomputers are digital computers, generally used in multi-user systems.
•  used in business, education, hospitals, government organizations etc.
•  They have high processing speed and high storage capacity than the microcomputers.
• Minicomputers can be used as single and multiuser. It can support 4–200 users
simultaneously.
• The users can access the minicomputer through their PCs or terminal.
• Minicomputers can also be used as servers in networked environment and hundreds
of PC can be connected to it.
• Example first minicomputer was introduced by digital equipment corporation(DEC) in
mid 1960s,Digital Alpha, Sun Ultra.
 microcomputers
• Microcomputers are small, low-cost and single-user digital computer. They consist of CPU, input unit, output unit,
storage unit and the software.  
• IBM PC based on Pentium microprocessor and Apple Macintosh are some examples of microcomputers.
Microcomputers include desktop computers, notebook computers or laptop, tablet computer, handheld computer,
smart phones and netbook,

(a) Desktop Computer or Personal Computer (PC) - 

It is the most common type of microcomputer. It consists of three units—keyboard, monitor, and a system unit
containing the CPU, memory, hard disk drive, etc. It is not very expensive and is suited to the needs of a single user at
home, small business units, and organizations. Apple, Microsoft, HP, Dell and Lenovo are some of the PC manufacturers.

(b) Notebook Computers or Laptop -

They are portable and have all the features of a desktop computer. The advantage of the laptop is that it is small in size,
can be carried anywhere. Laptops are costlier than the desktop machines.

(c) Netbook -
These are smaller notebooks optimized for low weight and low cost, and are designed for accessing web-based
applications. Netbooks deliver the performance needed to enjoy popular activities like streaming videos or music,
emailing, Web surfing or instant messaging.
(d) Tablet -
Tablet Computer has features of the notebook computer but it can accept input from a stylus or a pen
instead of the keyboard or mouse. It is a portable computer. Tablet computer are the new kind of PCs.

(e) Handheld Computer or Personal Digital Assistant (PDA) -

It is a small computer that can be held on the top of the palm. It is small in size. PDA uses a pen or a
stylus for input, Instead of the keyboard. They have a limited memory and are less powerful. PDAs can
be connected to the Internet via a wireless connection. Example Casio and Apple are some of the
manufacturers of PDA.

(f) Smart Phones -

These are cellular phones that function both as a phone and as a small PC. They may use a stylus or a
pen, or may have a small keyboard. They can be connected to the Internet wirelessly. They are used to
access the electronic-mail, download music, play games, etc. Blackberry, Apple, HTC, Nokia and LG are
some of the manufacturers of smart phones.

g) Workstations
Workstations are single user computers that have same features as PCs, but their processing speed
matches that of a minicomputer or mainframe.
classification of computers
Based on purpose
• There are some needs that are specified to a particular environment or a
particular user whereas, there are many needs that are desired by every user
of the computer. Depending upon the purpose of use, the computers can be
classified into categories:
a) general purpose
b) special purpose.
General Purpose Computers
• can be used for all general needs of all environments and users.
•  These are the versatile computers that can perform a variety of jobs for all types of environments. 
• The programs or instructions are fed to them and at the time of execution these computers process these
instructions and produce meaningful results.
•  For example, a personal computer that is capable of calculating accounts data, preparing students result,
designing broachers, writing letters, accessing Internet or playing games is a general purpose computer.
Special purpose computers:
• A special purpose computer is designed only to meet the requirements of a particular task or application.
• The instructions needed to perform a particular task are permanently stored into the internal memory, so that it
can perform the given task on a single command.
• It therefore doesn’t posses unnecessary options and is less expensive.
• These computers are not versatile.
• The instructions used by these computers are generally embedded in various automatic devices.

Example 1, a computer designed to display the path and trajectory of a missile can be only used for this purpose
and we cannot use it for playing games.

Example 2 : A computer that has been designed to count the telephone call pulses and the amount to be paid can
only serve this purpose. We cannot use it for designing and word processing.
Classification of computer
Based on technology used
• According to the technology used, computers are of following three types:
1.      Digital computers
2.      Analog computers
3.      Hybrid computers
Analog computers
• Analog computers are used to process analog data.
• Analog data is of continuous nature and which is not discrete or separate.
Such type of data includes temperature, pressure, speed weight, voltage,
depth etc. These quantities are continuous and having an infinite variety of
values.
• Analog computers do not require any storage capability because they
measure and compare quantities in a single operation.
Digital Computers

• A Digital Computer, as its name implies, works with digits to represent numerals, letters or other special
symbols.
• Digital Computers operate on inputs which are ON-OFF type and its output is also in the form of ON-OFF
signal. Normally, an ON is represented by a 1 and an OFF is represented by a 0. So we can say that digital
computers process information which is based on the presence or the absence of an electrical charge or
we prefer to say a binary 1 or 0.
• A digital computer can be used to process numeric as well as non-numeric data. It can perform arithmetic
operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication and division and also logical operations. Most of the
computers available today are digital computers. The most common examples of digital computers are
accounting machines and calculators.
• The results of digital computers are more accurate than the results of analog computers. Analog computers
are faster than digital.
• Analog computers lack memory whereas digital computers store information.
• We can say that digital computers count and analog computers measures.
Hybrid Computers

• A hybrid is a combination of digital and analog computers.

• It combines the best features of both types of computers, i-e. It has the speed of analog computer and the
memory and accuracy of digital computer.
• Hybrid computers are used mainly in specialized applications where both kinds of data need to be processed.
Therefore, they help the user, to process both continuous and discrete data.

Example 1: a petrol pump contains a processor that converts fuel flow measurements into quantity and price
values.

Example 2: In hospital Intensive Care Unit (ICU), an analog device is used which measures patient's blood

pressure and temperature etc, which are then converted and displayed in the form of digits.

Hybrid computers for example are used for scientific calculations, in defense and radar systems.
Von neumann architecture
• also known as the von Neumann model and Princeton architecture,
• described in 1945 by the mathematician and physicist John von Neumann and others in
the First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC.
Bit chart
 Memory hierarchy

• Memory hierarchy is a concept that is necessary for the CPU to be able to

manipulate data.
1 . Internal register is for holding the temporary results and variables. Accessing data from these registers is the fastest
way of accessing memory.

2. Cache is used by the CPU for memory which is being accessed over and over again. Instead of pulling it every time from
the main memory, it is put in cache for fast access. It is also a smaller memory, however, larger than internal register.
Cache is further classified to L1, L2 and L3:
a) L1 cache: It is accessed without any delay.
b) L2 cache: It takes more clock cycles to access than L1 cache.
c) L3 cache: It takes more clock cycles to access than L2 cache.

3) Main memory or RAM (Random Access Memory): It is a type of the computer memory and is a hardware component.
It can be increased provided the operating system can handle it.

4) Hard disk: A hard disk is a hardware component in a computer. Data is kept permanently in this memory. Memory
from hard disk is not directly accessed by the CPU, hence it is slower. As compared with RAM, hard disk is cheaper per bit.

5) Magnetic tape: Magnetic tape memory is usually used for backing up large data. When the system needs to access a
tape, it is first mounted to access the data. When the data is accessed, it is then unmounted. The memory access time is
slower in magnetic tape and it usually takes few minutes to access a tape.
Devices: input/output
Devices: Input and Output

Input device is used to feed data and instructions into the computer.

Output device: any device that outputs/gives information from a

computer can be called an output device. Basically, output devices are
electromechanical devices that accepts digital data (0 or 1) from the
computer and convert them into human-understandable language.
 INPUT DEVICES

Following are some of the important input devices which are used in a computer −
• Keyboard
• Mouse
• Joy Stick
• Light pen
• Track Ball
• Scanner
• Graphic Tablet
• Microphone
• Magnetic Ink Card Reader(MICR)
• Optical Character Reader(OCR)
• Bar Code Reader
• Optical Mark Reader(OMR)
Keyboard:
• Keyboard is the most common and very popular input device which helps to input data to the computer. The layout of the
keyboard is like that of traditional typewriter, although there are some additional keys provided for performing additional
functions.
• Most keyboards have keys between 80 and 110.
• Keys on the keyboard are:-
1) Numeric keys: It is used to enter the numeric data or cursor movement. Generally, it consists of a set of 17 keys that are
laid out in the same configuration used by most adding machines and calculators.

2) Typing Keys : These keys include the letter keys (A-Z) and digit keys (09) which generally give the same layout as that of
typewriters.

3) Function Keys : The 12 function keys are present on the keyboard which are arranged in a row at the top of the
keyboard. Each function key has a unique meaning and is used for some specific purpose.

4) Control keys : -These keys provide cursor and screen control. It includes four directional arrow keys. Control keys also
include Home, End, Insert, Delete, Page Up, Page Down, Control(Ctrl), Alternate(Alt), Escape(Esc)

5) Special Purpose Keys : - Keyboard also contains some special purpose keys such as Enter, Shift, Caps Lock, Num Lock,
Space bar, Tab, and Print Screen.
Mouse
• Mouse is the most popular pointing device. It is a very famous cursor-control device having a small palm size box with a round ball
at its base, which senses the movement of the mouse and sends corresponding signals to the CPU when the mouse buttons are
pressed.
• Generally, it has two buttons called the left and the right button and a wheel is present between the buttons. A mouse can be
used to control the position of the cursor on the screen, but it cannot be used to enter text into the computer.

Advantages
• Easy to use
• Used to draw figures.
• Not very expensive
• Moves the cursor faster than the arrow keys of the keyboard.

Joystick
• Joystick is also a pointing device, which is used to move the cursor position on a monitor screen.
• It is a stick having a spherical ball at its both lower and upper ends.
• The lower spherical ball moves in a socket. The joystick can be moved in all four directions.
• The function of the joystick is similar to that of a mouse. It is mainly used in Computer Aided Designing (CAD) and playing
computer games.
Light Pen
• Light pen is a pointing device similar to a pen.
• It is used to select a displayed menu item or draw pictures on the
monitor screen. It consists of a photocell and an optical system placed in
a small tube.
• When the tip of a light pen is moved over the monitor screen and the
pen button is pressed, its photocell sensing element detects the screen
location and sends the corresponding signal to the CPU.

Track Ball
• Track ball is an input device that is mostly used in notebook or laptop
computer, instead of a mouse. This is a ball which is half inserted and by
moving fingers on the ball, the pointer can be moved.
• Since the whole device is not moved, a track ball requires less space
than a mouse.
• A track ball comes in various shapes like a ball, a button, or a square.
Scanner
• Scanner is an input device, which works more like a photocopy machine.
It is used when some information is available on paper and it is to be
transferred to the hard disk of the computer for further manipulation.
• Scanner captures images from the source which are then converted into a
digital form that can be stored on the disk. These images can be edited
before they are printed.

Digitizer
• Digitizer is an input device which converts analog information into digital
form. Digitizer can convert a signal from the television or camera into a
series of numbers that could be stored in a computer.
• They can be used by the computer to create a picture of whatever the
camera had been pointed at.
• Digitizer is also known as Tablet or Graphics Tablet as it converts graphics
and pictorial data into binary inputs.
• A graphic tablet as digitizer is used for fine works of drawing and image
manipulation applications.
Microphone
• Microphone is an input device to input sound that is then stored
in a digital form.
• The microphone is used for various applications such as adding
sound to a multimedia presentation or for mixing music.

Magnetic Ink Card Reader (MICR)

• MICR input device is generally used in banks as there are large
number of cheques to be processed every day. The bank's code
number and cheque number are printed on the cheques with a
special type of ink that contains particles of magnetic material
that are machine readable.
• This reading process is called Magnetic Ink Character Recognition
(MICR). The main advantages of MICR is that it is fast and less
error prone.
Optical Character Reader (OCR)
• OCR is an input device used to read a printed text.
• OCR scans the text optically, character by character, converts them
into a machine readable code, and stores the text on the system
memory.

Bar Code Readers

• Bar Code Reader is a device used for reading bar coded data (data
in the form of light and dark lines). Bar coded data is generally
used in labelling goods, numbering the books, etc. It may be a
handheld scanner or may be embedded in a stationary scanner.
• Bar Code Reader scans a bar code image, converts it into an
alphanumeric value, which is then fed to the computer that the
bar code reader is connected to.
Optical Mark Reader (OMR)
• OMR is a special type of optical scanner used to recognize the type of mark made by pen
or pencil. It is used where one out of a few alternatives is to be selected and marked.
• It is specially used for checking the answer sheets of examinations having multiple choice
questions.
• Question) what do you mean output devices. Explain few output
devices.
 Unit 1
 History of Computing Systems
 Computer Basics and Computer Organization
 Computer Architecture
 Introduction to various connecting devices.
 Recent additions – IoT, Robotics and new alternate architectures
What is a Network?
• A network consists of two or more computers that are linked in order to share
resources (such as printers and CDs), exchange files, or allow electronic
communications. The computers on a network may be linked through cables,
telephone lines, radio waves, satellites, or infrared light beams.

• Types of network:- LAN,MAN,WAN

Comparision chart in link. Read link.
http://www.rfwireless-world.com/Terminology/LAN-vs-WAN-vs-MAN.html
 Connecting devices

Devices that are used to connect other devices are called connecting devices. That is, connecting
device is a device that connects.

There are types of connecting devices. They are as follows:

a) Repeater
b) Hub
c) Bridge
d) Router
e) Gateway
f) switch
 a) Repeater

• A repeater is a device that receives signals and before it become too weak or
corrupted the repeater regenerates the original bit pattern and sends the
data. It is like a refreshing station for data while travelling.

• Some properties are as follows:

a) It operates on physical layer.
b) It connects two segments of same LAN.
c) It forwards every bit it receives .
d) It regenerates bits , does not amplify them.
Repeaters
Repeaters
Repeaters:

• When it receives a frame from any of the ports, it

regenerates and forwards it to the other port.
• A repeater forwards every frame; it has no filtering
capability.
• A repeater does not amplify the signal; it regenerates the
signal. When it receives a weakened or corrupted signal, it
creates a copy, bit for bit, at the original strength.
• The location of a repeater on a link is vital. A repeater must
be placed so that a signal reaches it before any noise
changes the meaning of any of its bits.
 iii) bridge
• a bridge is a product that connects a local area network (LAN) to another local
area network that uses the same protocol (for example, Ethernet or token
ring).
• You can envision a bridge as being a device that decides whether a message
from you to someone else is going to the local area network in your building or
to someone on the local area network in the building across the street.
• A bridge examines each message on a LAN, "passing" those known to be within
the same LAN, and forwarding those known to be on the other interconnected
LAN (or LANs).
In short, Bridges:
• It connects two different LANs
• It also regenerates the signal it receives.
• It can check the physical (MAC) addresses (source and destination)
contained in the frame.
• A bridge has filtering capability.
 d) Router
• Routers are inter-networking devices as it can connects LAN-LAN, LAN-WAN, WAN-WAN.
• A router is a networking device that forwards data packets between computer networks.
• Routers perform the traffic directing functions on the Internet.
• Data sent through the internet, such as a web page or email, is in the form of data packets. A
packet is typically forwarded from one router to another router through the networks that
constitute an internetwork until it reaches its destination node.

• A router is connected to two or more data lines from different networks.[b] When a data packet
comes in on one of the lines, the router reads the network address information in the packet to
determine the ultimate destination. Then, using information in its routing table or 
routing policy, it directs the packet to the next network on its journey.

• Though routers are typically dedicated hardware devices, software-based routers also exist.
 e) gateway

• A network gateway joins two networks so the devices on one network can
communicate with the devices on another network.
• Without gateways, you couldn't be able to access the internet, communicate
and send data back and forth. A gateway can be implemented completely in
software, hardware, or a combination of both.

Gateways as Protocol Converters

• Gateways are network protocol converters. Often the two networks that a
gateway joins use different base protocols. The gateway facilitates compatibility
between the two protocols.
f) Switches
• A switch, in the context of networking is a high-speed device that
receives incoming data packets and redirects them to their
destination on a local area network (LAN). 
• Switches are similar to routers as well, but a router has the additional
ability to forward packets between different networks, whereas a
switch is limited to node-to-node communication on the same
network.
• https://askleo.com/whats_the_difference_between_a_hub_a_switch
_and_a_router/

• https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/network-devices-hub-repeater-
bridge-switch-router-gateways/
 Unit 1
 History of Computing Systems
 Computer Basics and Computer Organization
 Computer Architecture
 Introduction to various connecting devices.
 Recent additions – IoT, Robotics and new alternate architectures
 IOT – Internet of things

• The Internet of Things (IoT), also sometimes referred to as the Internet of Everything
(IoE), consists of all the web-enabled devices that collect, send and act on data they
acquire from their surrounding environments using embedded sensors, processors and
communication hardware.

• These devices, often called "connected" or "smart" devices, can sometimes talk to
other related devices, a process called machine-to-machine (M2M) communication,
and act on the information they get from one another.

• Humans can interact with the gadgets to set them up, give them instructions or access
the data, but the devices do most of the work on their own without human
intervention. Their existence has been made possible by all the tiny mobile components
that are available these days, as well as the always-online nature of our home and
business networks.
• The Internet of things (IoT) is the network of physical devices, vehicles, home appliances,
and other items embedded with electronics, software, sensors, actuators, and 
connectivity which enables these things to connect, collect and exchange data, creating
opportunities for more direct integration of the physical world into computer-based
systems, resulting in efficiency improvements, economic benefits, and reduced human
exertions.

• IoT involves extending Internet connectivity beyond standard devices, such as desktops,
laptops, smartphones and tablets, to any range of traditionally dumb or non-internet-
enabled physical devices and everyday objects. Embedded with technology, these devices
can communicate and interact over the Internet, and they can be remotely monitored
and controlled.
Advantages of IOT
1. Data: The more the information, the easier it is to make the right decision. Knowing what to get from the
grocery while you are out, without having to check on your own, not only saves time but is convenient as well.

2. Tracking: The computers keep a track both on the quality and the viability of things at home. Knowing the
expiration date of products before one consumes them improves safety and quality of life. Also, you will never
run out of anything when you need it at the last moment.

3. Time: The amount of time saved in monitoring and the number of trips done otherwise would be
tremendous.

4. Money: The financial aspect is the best advantage. This technology could replace humans who are in charge
of monitoring and maintaining supplies.

https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/pros-cons-internet-things-iot-bhaskara-reddy-sannapureddy
 Disadvantages of IOT

1. Compatibility: As of now, there is no standard for tagging and monitoring with sensors. A uniform
concept like the USB or Bluetooth is required which should not be that difficult to do.

2. Complexity: There are several opportunities for failure with complex systems. For example, both you
and your spouse may receive messages that the milk is over and both of you may end up buying the
same. That leaves you with double the quantity required. Or there is a software bug causing the printer
to order ink multiple times when it requires a single cartridge.

3. Privacy/Security: Privacy is a big issue with IoT. All the data must be encrypted so that data about
your financial status or how much milk you consume isn’t common knowledge at the work place or
with your friends.

4. Safety: There is a chance that the software can be hacked and your personal information misused.
The possibilities are endless. Your prescription being changed or your account details being hacked
could put you at risk. Hence, all the safety risks become the consumer’s responsibility.
Applications of IOT
• https://www.analyticsvidhya.com/blog/2016/08/10-youtube-videos-e
xplaining-the-real-world-applications-of-internet-of-things-iot/

• https://www.iotforall.com/internet-of-things-examples-applications/

• http://www.libelium.com/resources/top_50_iot_sensor_applications
_ranking/
 Robotics

• Robotics is an interdisciplinary branch of engineering and science that includes 

mechanical engineering, electronics engineering, computer science, and others.

• Robotics deals with the design, construction, operation, and use of robots, as well as 
computer systems for their control, sensory feedback, and information processing.

• These technologies are used to develop machines that can substitute for humans and replicate
human actions.

• Robots can be used in any situation and for any purpose, but today many are used in dangerous
environments (including bomb detection and deactivation), manufacturing processes, or where
humans cannot survive.

• Robots can take on any form but some are made to resemble humans in appearance. This is said to
help in the acceptance of a robot in certain replicative behaviors usually performed by people. Such
robots attempt to replicate walking, lifting, speech, cognition, and basically anything a human can
do. Many of today's robots are inspired by nature, contributing to the field of bio-inspired robotics.
Application
• https://robotics.kawasaki.com/en1/applications/

• https://www.robots.com/applications