Factors affecting Voluntary Blood Donation among Adams

University Students in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

PI : Abraham Tenaw
Advisor: Mesafint Abeje (BSc, MPH)

July, 2019
Addis Ababa, Ethiopia 1
Outline
1. Introduction
2. Justification
3. Significance of the study
4. Conceptual framework
5. Objectives
6. Methods
7. Ethical consideration
8. Results
9. Strength and Limitation of the study
10. Conclusion and Recommendations
11. Acknowledgement
12. References
2
1. Introduction
 Blood is a specialized body fluid in humans that delivers
necessary substances such as nutrients and oxygen to the cells
and transports metabolic waste products away from those
same cells (Carver C, Scheier M, 2012)
 Human blood is an element of human life (Carver C, Scheier
M, 2012).

 Blood donation is an act of a healthy person giving blood

which will be used by another person (Cha Y, Nwabueze S,
Nnebue C, 2014).

 The donated blood plays a big role during (surgery, accident,

delivery cases, bleeding cases, etc ) (WHO, 2008).

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 Introduction cont.……………
 Who can donate a blood ( age18-65 yrs, Weight 45 kg and above
and not on medication) (Dejen A, 2015).

 WHO estimates that blood donation by 1% of the population is

generally the minimum needed to meet the population basic
requirements for blood(WHO, 2006).

 Globally estimated around 112.5 million collected annually of

which approximately (50% collected in developed countries only
19% of the world’s population lives) (WHO, 2010).

 In sub Saharan Africa 510 maternal deaths per 100 000 live births
(Hassall O, Bates I and M’baya B, 2017).
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Introduction cont.………
•44 % of maternal deaths due to blood loss during childbirth 20% of
maternal and 15 % of child death as a result of anemia ( WHO,
2008).

•The Ethiopian National Blood Bank Service has 25 regional blood

banks that supply more than 50% of the country’s hospitals with
blood (Saberton P, 2014)

•Currently, 22 regional blood banks (RBB) including Addis Ababa

collects blood 100% only from voluntary blood donors. In 2010
Ethiopian fiscal year (EFY) out of 186,497 units of blood collected
98.1% was from voluntary blood donors (Ethiopian National Bank,
2018)
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Introduction cont.………

• 25% to 40% of Ethiopian mothers die due to lack of enough

blood from donors each year (Sintayehu c, 2018).

• Fear of needles, pain, the sight of blood, future weakness,

and possible ill effects, an objection from elders, ignorance,
and illiteracy, etc are all reasons for many people who are
hesitant in donating blood (Saberton P, 2014).

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2. Justification
 The low prevalence of voluntary blood donors have a
negative impact on the donated blood.

 Donated blood plays a big role during surgery, accident,

delivery cases, bleeding cases such as peptic ulcer, liver
diseases, lung diseases, cancer cases, blood diseases such as
hemophilia, anemia, and Thalassemia, newborn baby with
blood diseases, burn cases, etc.

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2. Justification

Blood donation is a self-directed volunteer service, however no

sufficient data throughout Ethiopia including the study area.

• Since the data recorded in national blood bank data base on

2010 E.C for Admas university, the total numbers of volunteer
blood donors were very low from others.

•The findings of this study will provide information for

stakeholders to develop strategies and take appropriate measures
to narrow the gaps.

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3. Significance of the study

 The outcome of a study may help in program formulation for

researchers and ENBBS

• To create awareness on the general factors affecting

• Incorporate students in regular donation activity

• Educate the public about the importance of blood donation

• And the risks associated with the donation

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 4. Conceptual framework
-Attitude
Socio-demographic toward blood
Factor -Knowledge donation
 Age on blood
 Sex Source of donation
 Religion information
 Educational -Inter Personal
status(Year, -mass media
Department) -social media

Institutional factor
 Working hour
 Educational promotion
 Reminding schedule
Voluntary blood
donation

Trust in blood
transfusion service

Figure 1: Conceptual frame work of the study developed based on different

literatures, 2019, Addis Ababa

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 5. Objectives
 To determine factors affecting voluntary blood donation among
Admass University Students in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

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6. Methods
Study area and period
•The study was conducted in Addis Ababa.
•From July 23, to September 15, 2019

•Currently in Addis Ababa Admass University has 6 campuses

Study design
Institution based case control study.

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 Methods cont.………..
Source population
 The source population were all students in Admas
University, Addis Ababa.

Study population
 The study populations were students both voluntary blood
donors (case) and non-blood donors (controls) in Admass
University, Addis Ababa.

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 Sample size determination
Sample size determination
 double population proportion formula using Epi-Info statistical
software’s
Variables Blood donation practice AOR Sample size Plus 10%
no-response rate(n)
Age 18-20 years 17.6 6.14 233
≥24 years 37
Attitude Favorable 22.9 1.77 402
Unfavorable 10.9
Religion Muslim 11.1 0.391 314
Orthodox 25.5
 Since 402 is the largest sample size, it is taken as the final sample
size for this study

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 Methods cont.……….
Sampling procedure
•Simple random sampling was used

Six campus site in Admass University with total of 24,600 students

Olompia(5000) Megenagna (4800) Mekanisa(4000) Meskel(4000) East (3800) Kality(3000)

Case=27 Case=26 Case=22 Case=22 Case=21 Case=16

Controls=54 Controls=52 Controls=44 Controls=44 Controls=41 Controls=33

Simple random sampling technique will be used

134 cases and 268 controls

Final sampling size, n= 402

Figure 2: Sampling procedure

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Methods cont.……
Inclusion criteria and Exclusion criteria
Inclusion criteria
 All students in Admass University were included in the study
Exclusion criteria
 The students who are siresly sick in the time of data collection.

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 Methods cont.……..
-Study variables
• Dependent variables
– Voluntary blood donation Institutional factors:
Socio demographic
• Independent variables • Working hour
characteristics : • Educational promotion,
• Sex and
• Reminding schedule
• Age
 Source of information
• Religion • Inter Personal
•Education status • mass media, and
•year and department • social media)
 Knowledge on blood donation
 Trust in blood
transfusion service
 Attitude toward blood donation 17
Methods cont.………
Operational definition

 Case: Students who donated blood at least once in their life

time.

 Controls: Students who never donated blood.

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 Methods cont.……….
• Knowledge:
 Adequate knowledgeable - Participants who will answer >76%
knowledge based questions will be considered as having adequate
knowledgeable on blood donation
 Inadequate knowledge - Participants who will answer ≤76%
knowledge based questions will be classified as having inadequate
knowledge (Dr Sabu K M, Sciences, 2011) .
• Attitude:
 Positive attitude - Those Participants who will agree more > 2/3
on attitude based questions for attitude questions will be labeled
as having positive attitude
 Negative attitude - Participants who will agree ≤ 2/3 on attitude
based questions will be labeled as having negative attitude (Dr
Sabu K, Sciences, 2011) . 19
Methods cont.……….
Data collection procedures and quality assurance

• Self-administered structured questionnaire

• Pre-test for self-administered questionnaire

• Experienced data collectors and supervisors

• Training for data collector

• Data was checked for consistency and completeness before

entry to computer software for analysis.

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Methods cont.………
Data management and analysis
• Data were coded, entered into Epi-Info version 7.0 and were
cleaned
• SPSS version 22 were used for analysis
• Descriptive statistics
• At 25% level of significance univariate binary logistic
regression analysis
• Multi-collinearly were checked
• Multivariable binary logistic regression analysis at 5% level of
significance
– 95% CI
– p-value <0.05

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7. Ethical consideration

• Ethical clearance were obtained from GAMBY Medical and

Business College and Addis Ababa Health Bureau Ethical

Review Board

• Written consent were obtained

• Confidentiality were maintained

• The collected data were kept safe throughout the whole process

of the research
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8. Results
• Accordingly, first year students were 3.73 times more likely to
donate blood voluntarily compared to those who were second
year students (AOR=3.73, 95% CI: 1.21, 11.45).

• Regarding department, economics students were 2.90 times

more likely to donate blood voluntarily compared to those
who were computer sciences students (AOR=2.90, 95% CI:
1.82, 24.23).

• Students who had positive attitude were 1.68 times more likely
to donate blood voluntarily compared to those who had
negative attitude towards voluntary blood donation
(AOR=1.68, 95% CI: 0.85, 3.30).
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Results …….

• Students who heard about voluntary blood donation by mass

media were 9.80 times more likely to donate blood voluntarily
compared to those who did not heard by mass media
(AOR=9.80, 95% CI: 1.79, 53.80)

• students who heard about voluntary blood donation by social

media were times 1.70 more likely to donate blood voluntarily
than those who did not heard by social media (AOR=1.70,
95% CI: 1.06, 2.79).

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Results …….

• Students who heard about voluntary blood donation by social

media were 1.70 times more likely to donate blood voluntarily
than those who did not heard by social media (AOR=1.70,
95% CI: 1.06, 2.79).

• Students who believed that the donated blood provide to

government health institution for free and to the private for
sale were 97% less likely to donate blood voluntarily than
those students who did not believe it is not provided for free
(AOR=0.03, 95% CI: 0.01,0.29).

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9. Discussion
• In line with the objective of the study, an effort was made to
find out the factors affecting voluntary blood donation.

• Level of education, department, mass media, social media,

attitude towards voluntary blood donation, and trust in blood
transfusion services were significantly associated.

• Students who had positive attitude were 1.68 times more

likely to donate blood voluntarily compared to those who had
negative attitude towards voluntary blood donation.

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Discussion…...

• This may be due to the fact that those who had negative
attitude perceived that they are unfit, fear to give blood related
to culture.

• In similar to this study, the study done on the voluntary blood

donation in Iraq, significantly associated of factors with
voluntary blood donation (Asadi J,2018).

• Again, in similar study done in Madawalabu and Arsi

University Students, significantly associated of factors
(Darega N,2015, Gebresilase H, 2017,).

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10. Strength and Limitation of the study

Strength of the study

•Previously studies conducted on voluntary blood donation were
cross sectional studies. However, this study is a case control
study.
Limitation of the study
•This study was conducted in only one university the findings
cannot be generalized for other universities and colleges.

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11. Conclusion and Recommendations
• Level of education, department, mass media, social media,
attitude towards voluntary blood donation, and trust in blood
transfusion services were significantly associated.

• Intervention activities to bring attitude changes and to increase

knowledge level of students on voluntary blood donation is
crucial.

• Clubs in the university should organize different events to

build students attitude positively and to increase the numbers
of blood donors.

• To conduct further studies including other universities and

colleges.

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12. Acknowledgment

• First of all, My heartfelt appreciation special thanks to my

advisor Mesafint Abeje

• I would like to express my deepest appreciation to my brother.

• My heartfelt appreciation is for GAMBY Medical and

business College

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13. References
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collected, distributed & discared in 2010 (2018/2019) budget year nationalblood bank. 2019;2010:2018–9.
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