Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 93 views

    Basic Concepts of Binocular Vision

    Uploaded by

    henok biruk
    This document discusses basic concepts of binocular vision, including: 1. Corresponding retinal points, which are pairs of points on the two retinas that share a common visual direction and project to the same point in the visual cortex, enabling fusion. 2. The horopter, which is the surface where objects will stimulate corresponding retinal points and appear single. It is usually a curved surface centered on the fixation point. 3. Panum's fusional area, which is the range of retinal disparities within which fusion can occur, allowing objects slightly in front or behind the horopter to still appear single.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Basic Concepts of Binocular Vision

    Uploaded by

    henok biruk
    93 views28 pages
    This document discusses basic concepts of binocular vision, including: 1. Corresponding retinal points, which are pairs of points on the two retinas that share a common visual direction and project to the same point in the visual cortex, enabling fusion. 2. The horopter, which is the surface where objects will stimulate corresponding retinal points and appear single. It is usually a curved surface centered on the fixation point. 3. Panum's fusional area, which is the range of retinal disparities within which fusion can occur, allowing objects slightly in front or behind the horopter to still appear single.

    Original Title

    LECTURE 2.pptx

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    This document discusses basic concepts of binocular vision, including: 1. Corresponding retinal points, which are pairs of points on the two retinas that share a common visual direction and project to the same point in the visual cortex, enabling fusion. 2. The horopter, which is the surface where objects will stimulate corresponding retinal points and appear single. It is usually a curved surface centered on the fixation point. 3. Panum's fusional area, which is the range of retinal disparities within which fusion can occur, allowing objects slightly in front or behind the horopter to still appear single.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    93 views28 pages

    Basic Concepts of Binocular Vision

    Uploaded by

    henok biruk
    This document discusses basic concepts of binocular vision, including: 1. Corresponding retinal points, which are pairs of points on the two retinas that share a common visual direction and project to the same point in the visual cortex, enabling fusion. 2. The horopter, which is the surface where objects will stimulate corresponding retinal points and appear single. It is usually a curved surface centered on the fixation point. 3. Panum's fusional area, which is the range of retinal disparities within which fusion can occur, allowing objects slightly in front or behind the horopter to still appear single.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    You are on page 1of 28

    BASIC CONCEPTS OF BINOCULAR VISION

    • University of Gondar
    By Nebiyat Feleke (BSc ,MSc)
    Learning objectives
    • By the end of this lesson ,the student will be
    able to :
    • Identify the basic concepts of binocular
    vision (CRPs, Horoptor, Pannums fussional
    area, Veith Muller circle)
    Binocular Single Vision

    REQUIRES:

    1. Clear Visual Axis

    2. Intact anatomy

    3. Sensory fusion

    4. Motor fusion
    Sensory aspects of BV
    1.Corresponding Retinal Points
     Retinal elements of the two eyes that share a
    common visual direction are called
    corresponding retinal points.
     All other retinal elements are non-corresponding
    or disparate
     When the two eyes steadily fixate a point in the
    ‘straight ahead’ direction the visual fields for the
    two eyes overlap except for the temporal
    crescents, which are imaged on the nasal retinas
    Corresponding retinal points

    Objects in the right visual field will be imaged on


    left halves of each retina and information passes
    along the nerves in the left hemisphere.
    Upon reaching the visual cortex in the occipital
    lobe, the fibres from the two retinas meet on the
    upper and lower lips of the calcarine fissure, at
    the striate area.
    Monoc & Binoc Visual fields
    CRPs….
    their nerve fibres project on a single point (or area) in the visual

    cortex, enabling fusion to occur.

    Corresponding points :

    opairs of points

    oone on each retina

    ohaving the same visual direction and

    osending their nerve impulses to the same point in the visual cortex.
    Corresponding retinal points defined as locations of zero
    retinal disparity. Objects on the Horopter should appear
    equidistant from the observer - lie in a flat plane.
    2.The Horopter

    For a given fixation point, all points in object space


    that form images on pairs of corresponding retinal
    points form an imaginary surface known as the
    horopter.

    Usually a slightly curved surface, either concave or


    convex toward the observer, centered on the
    fixation point, that moves with the eyes
    Horopter…
    • If corresponding retinal points for the two eyes were
    symmetrically placed, the shape of the horoptor would be a
    circle – the Vieth-Mueller circle.

    • The fact that the experimentally determined horoptor does


    not coincide with the Vieth-Mueller circle has been
    interpreted to indicate that the separation of corresponding
    retinal points is unequal on the nasal and temporal halves of
    the retina.
    3.Panum’s fusional area

    • The range of disparities for which binocular


    fusion occurs is known as Panum’s area.
     Despite the term ‘corresponding points’, the
    correspondence is not a precise point-to-point
    relationship but rather of a point to an area,
    named after Panum.
    Near the fovea, Panum’s areas are
    approximately elliptical with the major axis
    horizontal and subtending about 5 minutes of
    arc at the nodal point. In the periphery of the
    retina they are larger, subtending 30-40
    minutes.
     Because of Panum’s fusional areas, the
    horopter is not a surface but a solid
     Points located within the region of single binocular vision
    form images within Panum’s areas for the two eyes and,
    therefore, are seen singly.
     However, if an object point is located in front or behind
    the region of single binocular vision (while the subject
    fixates the same point), double vision occurs.
     This is known as physiological diplopia
    B. Motor aspects of BV

    1. Eye movements:

    a. Conjugate/Version movements

    - In which both eyes move in the same direction (to the


    right, to the left, upward or downward)
    • Except for vertical movements, conjugate movements
    involve the action of different muscles for the two eyes.
    • The muscles involved in making the movement
    are called yoke muscles.
    • Their innervations has been described by
    Herrng’s Law Conjugate movements may be
    either saccadic movements or following (pursuit)
    movements
    Versions:-

    Supraversion
    Dextrocycl Laevocyclo-
    o-version version

    Dextroversion Laevoversion

    Infraversion
    Eye movements
    b. Disjunctive Movements
    - In which the eyes move toward on another (convergence) or
    away from one another (divergence)
    • Of the two types, convergence is the more highly developed, its
    amplitude being about 10 times that of divergence.
    – Divergence (at distance) ~ 6 degrees, 9.5 prism dioptres
    – Convergence at near (to nose) up to 60 degrees,
    95 prism dioptres
    Vergences:-

    Incyclo-
    Excyclo- vergence Excyclo-
    vergence vergence

    Divergence Divergence
    Convergence
    Motor aspect …
    Stimuli for vergence movements:

    1. Changes in accommodation (accommodative


    convergence)
    2. Retinal disparity (disparity convergence or
    fusional convergence)
    3. Awareness of nearness of an object (proximal
    convergence).
    • Eye movements often contain both a conjugate
    and vergence component, as in using
    asymmetric convergence when changing
    fixation from a distant object straight ahead to
    a near object located to one side
    Disjunctive mov’ts summary
    Motor fusion refers to the vergence movements made by the

    eyes in response to retinal disparity and having the result of

    obtaining or maintaining images on corresponding retinal

    points so sensory fusion may take place.


    Thank you

    for

    LISTENING!

    You might also like