Auxin: The First Discovered Plant Growth Hormone: Ayushi Mandloi 2019H1290104P M.E. Biotechnology

AUXIN : THE FIRST DISCOVERED
PLANT GROWTH HORMONE

Presented by :
Ayushi Mandloi
2019H1290104P
M.E. Biotechnology
INTRODUCTION
 The German botanist Julius von Sachs proposed that chemical
messengers are responsible for the formation and growth of
different plant organs.
 He also suggested that external factors such as gravity could affect

the distribution of these substances within a plant.
 Plant development is regulated by six types of hormones: auxins,

gibberellins, cytokinins, ethylene, abscisic acid and
brassinosteroids.
EMERGENCE OF THE AUXIN CONCEPT
CONTD..
CONTD..
TYPES OF AUXIN
Naturally occurring Auxin :
 Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA)
 4-Chloroindole-3-acetic acid (4-Cl-IAA)
 Indole-3-butyric acid (IBA)
Synthetic Auxin :
 1-naphthaleneacetic acid
 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D)
 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T)
BIOSYNTHESIS OF AUXIN
IAA IS DEGRADED BY MULTIPLE
PATHWAYS
AUXIN TRANSPORT
 The main axes of shoots and roots, along with their branches, exhibit apex–base
structural polarity, and this structural polarity has its origin in the polarity of
auxin transport.
 This type of unidirectional transport is termed polar transport. Auxin is the

only plant growth hormone known to be transported polarly, and polar transport
of this hormone is found in almost all plants, including bryophytes and ferns.
 Because the shoot apex serves as the primary source of auxin for the entire
plant, polar transport has long been believed to be the principal cause of an
auxin gradient extending from the shoot tip to the root tip. The longitudinal
gradient of auxin from the shoot to the root affects various developmental
processes, including stem elongation, apical dominance, wound healing, and
leaf senescence.
 Polar transport requires energy and is gravity independent
 Chemiosmotic potential drives polar transport
 Auxin influx and efflux can be chemically inhibited
 Auxin transport is regulated by multiple mechanisms

AUXIN SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAYS
ACTIONS OF AUXIN
 Cell Elongation :
Plant cells expand in three steps:

1. Osmotic uptake of water across the plasma membrane is driven by the
gradient in water potential (ΔYw).
2. Turgor pressure builds up because of the rigidity of the cell wall.
3. Biochemical wall loosening occurs, allowing the cell to expand in response to
turgor pressure.
The effects of these parameters on the growth rate are encapsulated in the growth
rate equation:
GR = m (ψp – Y)
Acid Growth Hypothesis
 Hydrogen ions act as the intermediate between auxin and cell wall
loosening.
 The source of the hydrogen ions is the plasma membrane H+ - ATPase,

whose activity is thought to increase in response to auxin.
The acid growth hypothesis allows five main predictions:
1. Acid buffers alone should promote short-term growth, provided the cuticle
has been abraded to allow the protons access to the cell wall.
2. Auxin should increase the rate of proton extrusion (wall acidification), and
the kinetics of proton extrusion should closely match those of auxin-
induced growth.
3. Neutral buffers should inhibit auxin-induced growth.
4. Compounds (other than auxin) that promote proton extrusion should

stimulate growth.
5. Cell walls should contain a “wall loosening factor” with an acidic pH

optimum.
KINETICS OF AUXIN INDUCED ELONGATION AND CELL
WALL ACIDIFICATION IN MAIZE COLEOPTILES
Auxin-Induced Proton Extrusion May Involve Both
Activation and Synthesis
 Plant Tropisms :
Three main guidance systems control the orientation of plant growth:
1. Phototropism, or growth with respect to light, is expressed in all shoots and

some roots; it ensures that leaves will receive optimal sunlight for
photosynthesis.
2. Gravitropism, growth in response to gravity, enables roots to grow downward

into the soil and shoots to grow upward away from the soil, which is especially
critical during the early stages of germination.
3. Thigmotropism, or growth with respect to touch, enables roots to grow around

rocks and is responsible for the ability of the shoots of climbing plants to wrap
around other structures for support.
Developmental Effects of Auxin
Apical Dominance
 In most higher plants, the

growing apical bud inhibits
the growth of lateral (axillary)
buds.
 Removal of the shoot apex
(decapitation) usually results
in the growth of one or more
of the lateral buds.
Formation of Lateral and Adventitious Roots :
Lateral roots are commonly found above the elongation and root hair zone
and originate from small groups of cells in the pericycle. Auxin stimulates
these pericycle cells to divide. The dividing cells gradually form into a root
apex, and the lateral root grows through the root cortex and epidermis.
Adventitious roots (roots originating from non-root tissue) can arise in a

variety of tissue locations from clusters of mature cells that renew their cell
division activity. These dividing cells develop into a root apical meristem in a
manner somewhat analogous to the formation of lateral roots. In horticulture,
the stimulatory effect of auxin on the formation of adventitious roots has
been very useful for the vegetative propagation of plants by cuttings.
Delays onset of Leaf Abscission
 The shedding of leaves, flowers, and fruits from the living plant is known as abscission.
These parts abscise in a region called the abscission zone, which is located near the base
of the petiole of leaves.
 In most plants, leaf abscission is preceded by the differentiation of a distinct layer of

cells, the abscission layer, within the abscission zone. During leaf senescence, the walls
of the cells in the abscission layer are digested, which causes them to become soft and
weak.
 The leaf eventually breaks off at the abscission layer as a result of stress on the weakened
cell walls.
 Auxin levels are high in young leaves, progressively decrease in maturing leaves, and are
relatively low in senescing leaves when the abscission process begins.
Regulates Floral Bud Development
 The developing floral meristem depends on auxin being transported to it
from subapical tissues.
 In the absence of the efflux carriers, PIN proteins, the meristem is starved
for auxin, and normal phyllotaxis and floral development are disrupted.
 This is the basis of “pin-formed” phenotype of pin mutants.

Promotes Fruit Development
Successful pollination initiates ovule growth, which is known as fruit set. After
fertilization, fruit growth may depend on auxin produced in developing seeds. The
endosperm may contribute auxin during the initial stage of fruit growth, and the
developing embryo may take over as the main auxin source during the later stages.
Auxin induces Vascular Differentiation
 New vascular tissues differentiate directly below developing buds and young
growing leaves, and removal of the young leaves prevents vascular
differentiation.
 The ability of an apical bud to stimulate vascular differentiation can be

demonstrated in tissue culture. When the apical bud is grafted onto a clump of
undifferentiated cells, or callus, xylem and phloem differentiate beneath the
graft.
 The relative amounts of xylem and phloem formed are regulated by the auxin
concentration: High auxin concentrations induce the differentiation of xylem
and phloem, but only phloem differentiates at low auxin concentrations.
Use of synthetic Auxins
 Seedless fruits may be produced naturally, or they may be induced

by treatment of the unpollinated flowers with auxin.
 The production of such seedless fruits is called parthenocarpy.
 In stimulating the formation of parthenocarpic fruits, auxin may act

primarily to induce fruit set, which in turn may trigger the
endogenous production of auxin by certain fruit tissues to complete
the developmental process.
Synthetic Auxins as herbidicide
 2,4-D and dicamba are widely used as herbicides.
 They induce excessive cell expansion and subsequent plant death.
 They are not metabolized by the plants as quickly as IAA.
 They are transported very slowly as compared to IAA and hence enhance
retention in shoots.
 They are used by farmers to control dicot weeds, in commercial farming of

cereals and by home gardeners.
 Monocots such as maize and grasses are less sensitive to synthetic auxins
because they are able to inactivate artificial auxins rapidly by conjugation.
Reference :
Plant Physiology – 5th Edition, Lincoln Taiz and Edurado Zeiger
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AUXIN : THE FIRST DISCOVERED

PLANT GROWTH HORMONE

 He also suggested that external factors such as gravity could affect

 Plant development is regulated by six types of hormones: auxins,

 This type of unidirectional transport is termed polar transport. Auxin is the

 Chemiosmotic potential drives polar transport

 Auxin influx and efflux can be chemically inhibited

 Auxin transport is regulated by multiple mechanisms

Plant cells expand in three steps:

 The source of the hydrogen ions is the plasma membrane H+ - ATPase,

3. Neutral buffers should inhibit auxin-induced growth.

4. Compounds (other than auxin) that promote proton extrusion should

5. Cell walls should contain a “wall loosening factor” with an acidic pH

Three main guidance systems control the orientation of plant growth:

1. Phototropism, or growth with respect to light, is expressed in all shoots and

2. Gravitropism, growth in response to gravity, enables roots to grow downward

3. Thigmotropism, or growth with respect to touch, enables roots to grow around

 In most higher plants, the

Adventitious roots (roots originating from non-root tissue) can arise in a

 In most plants, leaf abscission is preceded by the differentiation of a distinct layer of

 This is the basis of “pin-formed” phenotype of pin mutants.

 The ability of an apical bud to stimulate vascular differentiation can be

 Seedless fruits may be produced naturally, or they may be induced

 The production of such seedless fruits is called parthenocarpy.

 In stimulating the formation of parthenocarpic fruits, auxin may act

 They induce excessive cell expansion and subsequent plant death.

 They are not metabolized by the plants as quickly as IAA.

 They are used by farmers to control dicot weeds, in commercial farming of

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