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    Form 2 Chapter 2 Ecosystem

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    Amer Malek
    The document discusses energy flow and nutrient cycles in ecosystems. It defines producers, consumers, and decomposers and explains food chains and food webs. It also covers nutrient cycles like water, carbon, and oxygen and the roles of organisms in these cycles. Finally, it discusses interactions between organisms like predation, competition, and symbiosis.

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    Form 2 Chapter 2 Ecosystem

    Uploaded by

    Amer Malek
    7K views60 pages
    The document discusses energy flow and nutrient cycles in ecosystems. It defines producers, consumers, and decomposers and explains food chains and food webs. It also covers nutrient cycles like water, carbon, and oxygen and the roles of organisms in these cycles. Finally, it discusses interactions between organisms like predation, competition, and symbiosis.

    Original Title

    FORM 2 CHAPTER 2 ECOSYSTEM

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    The document discusses energy flow and nutrient cycles in ecosystems. It defines producers, consumers, and decomposers and explains food chains and food webs. It also covers nutrient cycles like water, carbon, and oxygen and the roles of organisms in these cycles. Finally, it discusses interactions between organisms like predation, competition, and symbiosis.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    7K views60 pages

    Form 2 Chapter 2 Ecosystem

    Uploaded by

    Amer Malek
    The document discusses energy flow and nutrient cycles in ecosystems. It defines producers, consumers, and decomposers and explains food chains and food webs. It also covers nutrient cycles like water, carbon, and oxygen and the roles of organisms in these cycles. Finally, it discusses interactions between organisms like predation, competition, and symbiosis.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 60
    At a glance
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    The key takeaways are that ecosystems involve complex interactions between organisms and their environment, including energy flow and nutrient cycling. Organisms fall into producers, consumers and decomposers, each playing an important role.

    Producers are plants that produce their own food through photosynthesis. Consumers include herbivores, omnivores and carnivores that eat other organisms. Decomposers such as bacteria and fungi break down dead organisms and recycling nutrients.

    Energy enters ecosystems through photosynthesis and is transferred as one organism eats another. With each transfer between trophic levels some energy is lost as heat. Producers are the base and primary consumers eat them, passing energy to secondary and tertiary consumers.

    CHAPTER 2

    ECOSYSTEM
    CONTENT STANDARD

    • 2.1 Energy Flow In Ecosystem


    • 2.2 Nutrient Cycle In The Ecosystem
    • 2.3 Interdependence And Interaction Among Organisms And, Between
    Organisms And The Environment.
    • 2.4 The Role Of Human In Maintaining A Balanced Nature
    2.1 ENERGY FLOW IN ECOSYSTEM
    1. Producers are all green plants that make food through
    photosynthesis.
    2. Consumer are animals that eat plants or animals.
    3. Decomposers are organisms that decompose dead
    organisms (animals or plants) and change them into
    simple substances.
    4. Example decomposer are bacteria and fungi
    2.1 ENERGY FLOW IN ECOSYSTEM

    5.Primary consumer: herbivores and omnivores


    6. Secondary consumer:omnivore and carnivore
    7.Tertiary consumer: carnivores
    5
    FOOD CHAIN
    FOOD CHAIN
    A food chain can be used to show the feeding relationship
    between organisms.

    Paddy Rat Snake


    plants Hawk
    (primary (secondary (tertiary
    (producer)
    consumer) consumer)
    consumer)

    Bacteria and
    fungi
    (decomposers)
    WHAT IS A FOOD WEB?

    beatle
    bir
    gras grasshoppe d eagle
    s r
    caterpilla chicke
    r n

    A food web consists of several food chain that are


    interlinked.
    FOOD WEB
    USE THE LIST OF ORGANISMS BELOW TO FORM A FOOD
    WEB
    Paddy plant Grasshopper Bacteria and
    Rat Frog fungi

    Snake Bird Caterpillar


    Rat

    Paddy plant Grasshopper Frog Snake

    Caterpillar Bird

    Bacteria and fungi


    ENERGY FLOW IN A FOOD WEB
    • as seen in the food chain, energy is also transferred from one organism
    to another organism in the food web.
    • some of energy is lost because it is used by the organism to move and
    carry out life process of respiration.
    • energy is also lost in the form of heat.
    2.2 NUTRIENT CYCLE IN
    ECOSYSTEM

    • Definition: A nutrient cycle is a repeated pathway of a


    particular nutrient or element from the environment through one or
    more organisms and back to the environment. 
    • Example: water cycle, carbon cycle and oxygen cycle.
    WATER CYCLE
    • The water cycle is the journey water takes as it moves from the land to
    the sky and back again. It follows a cycle of evaporation, condensation
    and precipitation.
    ROLE OF ORGANISMS IN WATER
    CYCLE
    • The sun's energy causes water to evaporate from oceans and lakes into
    the atmosphere.
    • Plants and animals also release water vapour into the atmosphere as
    they carry out respiration.
    • When the atmosphere cools, water vapour condenses; making clouds
    that might produce rain.
    CARBON CYCLE AND OXYGEN CYCLE
    • The process by which oxygen released into the atmosphere
    while the carbon dioxide released as a product of
    respiration is taken up for photosynthesis.
    CARBON CYCLE
    Role of organism in carbon and oxygen cycle
    • Decomposers, such as microbes and fungi, play an
    important role in the carbon cycle.
    • They break down the remains of dead plants and animals,
    release carbon dioxide through respiration.
    • During photosynthesis, plants give off oxygen and absorbs carbon
    dioxide.
    STEPS TO SOLVE PROBLEMS WHEN THERE IS AN
    INTERFERENCE TO THE NUTRIENT CYCLE.

    Human activities that Steps to solve interferences


    disrupt the nutrient cycle to the nutrient cycle
    2.3 INTERDEPENDENCE AMONG LIVING
    ORGANISMS
    A SPECIES
    a species a species of OF FROG
    of fish water
    plant

    1. Species is a group of organisms that have the same shape,


    structure and breed together.
    2. In the figure above, fish, frog and water plant are
    three different species.
    1. A population is a number or group of organisms of
    the same species that live together in a habitat.
    A
    A population population
    of frogs
    of fishes A population of
    water plants
    1. A community is made up of many populations living
    together in a particular place.

    All the fishes, frogs, tadpoles, water plants, snails, grass


    and butterflies made up the community.
    1. A habitat is a natural living place of certain plants
    and animals.
    2. Figure above is a pond community.
    It is a habitat for water lily.
    It is a habitat for frog.
    It is a habitat for water snail.
    It is a habitat for water plant.
    1.An ecosystem refers to the community of organisms
    living in the same habitat, together with the non-
    living environment.

    air

    water
    soil

    2. All the living organism and the non-living environment such as


    water, soil and air made up an ecosystem.
    2.4 INTERACTION BETWEEN LIVING
    ORGANISMS
    1. Prey-predator is a relationship where an
    animal captures and eat other animals.
    2. A predator is an organism that kill and eats another
    organism.
    3. A prey is the organism that is eaten.
    4.FOR EXAMPLE, SNAKE IS A PREDATOR,
    RAT IS ITS PREY.
    5. OTHER
    EXAMPLES,
    Predator Prey
    1. Symbiosis happen between two or more different
    species which live close together and interact with
    each other. There are three types of symbiosis:
    • Commensalism
    • Mutualism
    • Parasitism
    A. Commensalism is a relationship between two
    organisms which only benefits one organism
    without harming the other.
    -Remora fish is the commensal, it feeds on the
    scraps of food left by the shark. The shark is
    unharmed.
    -The staghorn fern grows on a tree. This helps it
    easily obtain sunlight to process photosyntesis.
    -Examples of plants that live on tress to obtain
    sunlight are:
    (i) the money plant
    (ii) the pigeon orchid
    (iii) the bird’s nest fern
    a. Mutualism is an interaction between two
    different organisms that live together in which
    both organisms benefits.
    b. They obtain nutrition and shelter from each
    other.
    -The Egyptian Plover bird and crocodiles.
    the Egyptian Plover eats fleas and ticks crocodile
    as well as food particles stuck between
    crocodile's teeth.
    - Lichen consists of fungi and algae living together. The
    algae produce food and the fungi provide shelter.
    a.Parasitism is an interaction between two organisms that
    benefits one organism only and harms the other.
    e. Example
    -Tapeworm is a parasite, it
    lives in human intestine.

    Tapeworm obtains food and


    shelter from humans.
    Human loses weight and
    becomes weak.
    1. Competition is a relationship where organisms compete
    with each other for food, light, water, shelter, mate or
    minerals.
    2. Stronger organisms are successful in controlling their
    territory. Weaker and smaller organisms are driven out of
    the area.
    3. Examples:
    a. flowering plants compete with weeds to obtain water
    and mineral salt.
    b. lions in a pride compete for food
    c. plants in a tropical rainforest compete for basic needs.
    Taller trees obtain sunlight more easily.
    Intra-specific competition.
    Competition among organisms of the same species.
    Examples
    a. flowering plants compete with weeds to obtain
    water and mineral salt.
    b. lions in a pride compete for food
    c. plants in a tropical rainforest compete for
    basic needs. Taller trees obtain sunlight
    more easily.
    Inter-specific competition.
    Competition among organisms of different species.
    SUMMARY

    Type of interaction Species 1 Species 2


    Competition (+) (-)

    Prey predator (+) (-)

    Parasitism (+) (-)

    (+) (0)
    Commensalism
    Mutualism (+) (+)
    ©NgFL/SMK DC 47
    BIOLOGICAL CONTROL
    Biological control is a method in which a
    predator, the natural enemy to a certain pest, is
    used to control the population of the pest in an
    The aphid is a pest to the gardeners,
    area. damaging his plants.

    The ladybirds helps the gardener by


    ridding him of these pests

    48
    Biological control has many advantages as compared with using
    pesticides.

    Advantages disadvantages
    It does not pollute the Takes a long time before
    environment. any effect is seen
    It does not kill other The balance of the
    organism except the pests ecosystem might be
    disrupted
    It is cheap and safe to
    use.
    BIOLOGICAL CONTROL

    (Rearing guppies in a
    (When the eggs hatch,
    (Owls is a natural pond to eat mosquito
    the ichneumon larvae
    predator of rats in Oil larvae.)
    feed on the body of the
    Palm)
    host.)

    50
    BIOLOGICAL CONTROL

    • MEANING :…………………………………………………………….

    • EXAMPLES A)……………………………
    • B)……………………………..
    • C)…………………………..
    pest predator
    1 rat owl
    2 mosquito larvae Guppy fish
    3
    4
    5
    Advantages disadvantages
    FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE
    POPULATION SIZE IN AN
    ECOSYSTEM
    1. Factors that cause population size to
    change:
    DISEASE, THE PRESENCE OF
    PREDATORS, SOURCES OF FOOD, AND
    CHANGE OF WEATHER.
    A) DISEASE – The population of animals
    and plant decreases when a disease strikes.
    • Example poultry affected by a disease
    B) PRESENCE OF
    PREDATORS – when the
    number of predators increases,
    the number of prey decreases.

    C) SOURCES OF FOOD –if the


    sources of food decreases,
    animal can threatened by
    extinction
    D) CHANGE OF
    WEATHER – Droughts
    cause soil to become dry
    and infertile and increase
    the risk of forest fires.
    CHANGES IN ECOSYSTEM

    1. Changes in ecosystem
    such as limited water
    supply, animal migration
    and increase or decrease in
    population size can upset
    the balance between
    population.
    2.4 ROLE OF HUMANS IN
    MAINTAINING A BALANCED
    NATURE
    Activity Effects
    STEPS TO SOLVE THE EFFECTS OF HUMAN
    ACTIVITIES ON THE ENVIRONMENT

    • 1. Enforce laws
    • 2. Increase public awareness
    • 3.Practice refuse, reduce, recycle, repurpose, and
    reuses (5r)
    FORMATIVE PRACTICE 2.3 (PAGE
    39)
    FORMATIVE PRACTICE 2.4(PAGE
    40)
    • EXERCISE BOOK

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