1. Conduct a test of a hypothesis about the difference
between two independent population means. 2. Conduct a test of a hypothesis about the difference between two population proportions. 3. Conduct a test of a hypothesis about the mean difference between paired or dependent observations. 4. Understand the difference between dependent and independent samples.
11-2 Comparing two populations – Some Examples
1. Is there a difference in the mean value of residential real
estate sold by male agents and female agents in south Florida? 2. Is there a difference in the mean number of defects produced on the day and the afternoon shifts at Kimble Products? 3. Is there a difference in the mean number of days absent between young workers (under 21 years of age) and older workers (more than 60 years of age) in the fast-food industry? 4. Is there is a difference in the proportion of Ohio State University graduates and University of Cincinnati graduates who pass the state Certified Public Accountant Examination on their first attempt? 5. Is there an increase in the production rate if music is piped into the production area?
11-3 Comparing Two Population Means Use if sample sizes 30 Use if sample sizes 30 No assumptions about the shape of the populations are required. or if 1 and 2 are known and if 1 and 2 are unknown The samples are from independent populations. X1 X 2 X1 X 2 The formula for computing the test statistic (z) is: z z 2 2 s12 s22 1 2 n1 n2 n1 n2
EXAMPLE The U-Scan facility was recently installed at the Byrne Road Food-Town location. The store manager would like to know if the mean checkout time using the standard checkout method is longer than using the U-Scan. She gathered the following sample information. The time is measured from when the customer enters the line until their bags are in the cart. Hence the time includes both waiting in line and checking out.
Step 1: State the null and alternate hypotheses.
(keyword: “longer than”) H0: µS ≤ µU H1: µS > µU
Step 2: Select the level of significance.
The .01 significance level is stated in the problem.
11-4 Example 1 continued Step 3: Determine the appropriate test statistic. Because both population standard deviations are known, we can use z-distribution as the test statistic
Step 4: Formulate a decision rule.
Reject H0 if Z > Z Z > 2.33 Step 5: Compute the value of z and make a decision
Xs Xu z s2 u2 ns nu 5.5 5.3 0.40 2 0.30 2 The computed value of 3.13 is larger 50 than100the critical value of 2.33. Our decision is to reject the null hypothesis. The difference of .20 minutes between the mean checkout time using the standard method is too large to have occurred by chance. We conclude the U-Scan method is faster. 0.2 3.13 0.064
11-5 Two-Sample Tests about Proportions We investigate whether two samples came from EXAMPLE populations with an equal proportion of Manelli Perfume Company recently developed a new fragrance successes. The two samples are pooled using the following formula. that it plans to market under the name Heavenly. A number of market studies indicate that Heavenly has very good market The value of the test statistic is computed from the potential. The Sales Department at Manelli is particularly following formula. interested in whether there is a difference in the proportions of younger and older women who would purchase Heavenly if it were marketed. Samples are collected from each of these independent groups. Each sampled woman was asked to smell Heavenly and indicate whether she likes the fragrance well enough to purchase a bottle.
Step 1: State the null and alternate hypotheses.
(keyword: “there is a difference”) H0: 1 = 2 H1: 1 ≠ 2
Step 2: Select the level of significance.
The .05 significance level is stated in the problem.
Step 3: Determine the appropriate test statistic.
We will use the z-distribution
11-6 Two Sample Tests of Proportions - Example Step 4: Formulate the decision rule. Reject H0 if Z > Z/2 or Z < - Z/2 Z > Z.05/2 or Z < - Z.05/2 Z > 1.96 or Z < -1.96
Let p1 = young women p2 = older women
5: Select a sample and make a decision The computed value of -2.21 is in the area of rejection. Therefore, the null hypothesis is rejected at the .05 significance level. To put it another way, we reject the null hypothesis that the proportion of young women who would purchase Heavenly is equal to the proportion of older women who would purchase Heavenly.
11-7 Comparing Population Means with Unknown Population Standard Deviations (the Pooled t-test)
The t distribution is used as the test statistic if one or EXAMPLE
more of the samples have less than 30 Owens Lawn Care, Inc., manufactures and assembles observations. The required assumptions are: lawnmowers that are shipped to dealers throughout the 1. Both populations must follow the normal United States and Canada. Two different procedures have distribution. been proposed for mounting the engine on the frame of the 2. The populations must have equal standard lawnmower. The question is: Is there a difference in the deviations. mean time to mount the engines on the frames of the lawnmowers? 3. The samples are from independent populations. To evaluate the two methods, it was decided to conduct a Finding the value of the test statistic requires two time and motion study. A sample of five employees was steps. timed using the Welles method and six using the Atkins 1. Pool the sample standard deviations. method. The results, in minutes, are shown below: 2. Use the pooled standard deviation in the formula.
( n1 1) s12 ( n2 1) s22 s 2p n1 n2 2
X1 X 2 t Is there a difference in the mean mounting times? Use the . 1 1 10 significance level. s 2p n 1 n 2
11-8 Comparing Population Means with Unknown Population Standard Deviations (the Pooled t-test) - Example
Step 1: State the null and alternate hypotheses. Step 5: Compute the value of t and make a decision (Keyword: “Is there a difference”)
H0: µ1 = µ2 H1: µ1 ≠ µ2
Step 2: State the level of significance.
The 0.10 significance level is stated in the problem.
Step 3: Find the appropriate test statistic.
Because the population standard deviations are not known but are assumed to be equal, we use the pooled t-test.
Step 4: State the decision rule.
Reject H0 if t > t/2,n1+n2-2 or t < - t/2, n1+n2-2 t > t.05,9 or t < - t.05,9 -0.662 t > 1.833 or t < - 1.833 The decision is not to reject the null hypothesis, because -0.662 falls in the region between -1.833 and 1.833.
We conclude that there is no difference in the mean times
to mount the engine on the frame using the two methods 11-9 Comparing Population Means with Unequal Population Standard Deviations
Compute the t-statistic shown on the right if it is not
reasonable to assume the population standard deviations are equal. EXAMPLE Personnel in a consumer testing laboratory are The sample standard deviations s1 and s2 are used evaluating the absorbency of paper towels. They in place of the respective population standard wish to compare a set of store brand towels to a similar group of name brand ones. For each brand deviations. they dip a ply of the paper into a tub of fluid, allow In addition, the degrees of freedom are adjusted the paper to drain back into the vat for two downward by a rather complex approximation minutes, and then evaluate the amount of liquid the paper has taken up from the vat. A random sample formula. The effect is to reduce the number of of 9 store brand paper towels absorbed the degrees of freedom in the test, which will following amounts of liquid in milliliters. require a larger value of the test statistic to reject the null hypothesis. 8 8 3 1 9 7 5 5 12 An independent random sample of 12 name brand towels absorbed the following amounts of liquid in milliliters: 12 11 10 6 8 9 9 10 11 9 8 10 Use the .10 significance level and test if there is a difference in the mean amount of liquid absorbed by the two types of paper towels .
11-10 Comparing Population Means with Unequal Population Standard Deviations - Example
The following dot plot provided by MINITAB shows the
variances to be unequal.
The following output provided by MINITAB shows the
descriptive statistics
11-11 Comparing Population Means with Unequal Population Standard Deviations - Example
Step 1: State the null and alternate hypotheses.
H0 : 1 = 2 H1 : 1 ≠ 2
Step 2: State the level of significance.
The .10 significance level is stated in the problem.
Step 3: Find the appropriate test statistic.
We will use unequal variances t-test
Step 4: State the decision rule.
Reject H0 if t > t/2d.f. or t < - t/2,d.f. t > t.05,10 or t < - t.05, 10 t > 1.812 or t < -1.812
Step 5: Compute the value of t and make a decision
The computed value of t is less than the lower critical value, so our decision is to reject the null hypothesis. We conclude that the mean absorption rate for the two towels is not the same .
11-12 Two-Sample Tests of Hypothesis: Dependent Samples Dependent samples are samples that are paired or related in some fashion.
For example: EXAMPLE – If you wished to buy a car you would Nickel Savings and Loan wishes to compare the two look at the same car at two (or more) different dealerships and compare the companies it uses to appraise the value of residential homes. prices. Nickel Savings selected a sample of 10 residential properties – If you wished to measure the and scheduled both firms for an appraisal. The results, effectiveness of a new diet you would reported in $000, are shown on the table (right). weigh the dieters at the start and at the finish of the program. At the .05 significance level, can we conclude there is a difference in the mean appraised values of the homes?
d t sd / n Where d is the mean of the differences sd is the standard deviation of the differences n is the number of pairs (differences)
11-13 Hypothesis Testing Involving Paired Observations - Example Step 1: State the null and alternate hypotheses. H0: d = 0 H1: d ≠ 0
Step 2: State the level of significance.
The .05 significance level is stated in the problem.
Step 3: Find the appropriate test statistic.
We will use the t-test
Step 4: State the decision rule.
Reject H0 if t > t/2, n-1 or t < - t/2,n-1 t > t.025,9 or t < - t.025, 9 t > 2.262 or t < -2.262
Step 5: Compute the value of t and make a decision
The computed value of t (3.305) is greater than the higher critical value (2.262), so our decision is to reject the null hypothesis. We conclude that there is a difference in the mean appraised values of the homes. 11-14
