Acute Kidney Injury

Diuretics and in Acute
Kidney Injury
Asad J. Chaudhary M.D.

Clinical Nephrology Fellow
University of Tennessee
Health Science Center.
Objectives
• Definition of AKI
• Epidemiology
• Causes
• Diuretics
--- Definition
--- Classification
--- Pharmacology
• Why Diuretics
• --- Fluid dilemma
--- Renoprotection
--- oliguria vs. non oliguria
--- Mortality benefit
--- Fluid management
• Prevailing evidence vs. practice parameters
Definition
Acute Kidney Injury (ARF)
•Clinical syndrome denoted by decline in GFR (glomerular
filtration rate)
– With reduced excretion of nitrogenous waste (urea and

creatinine)
– Other uremic toxins

Measurement of Renal function
• Serum Cr used to estimate GFR:
• Problems:
– SCr does not accurately reflect the GFR in non
steady state
– Creatinine is removed by dialysis
– studies and clinical trials have used different cut-
off values
Critical Care August 2004 Vol 8 No 4
Bellomo et al.
Limitations of RIFLE Criteria
• Need for baseline SCr

• Complex determination of UOP
• Often not used in clinical situations
Critical Care August 2004

Vol 8 No 4 Bellomo et al.
ARF to AKI
• Acute Renal failure (older term)

• ARF: rapid decline in GFR (hrs-week)
• AKIN recommended AKI
• AKI: spectrum of ARF including minor changes in GFR
may be associated with adverse clinical outcomes
• Failure: reserved for severe impairment of renal function
that renal replacement therapy is indicated/considered
JASN 18; 1987-1994, 2007

AKIN: Diagnostic Criteria
•An abrupt (within 48 h) reduction in kidney function

currently defined by any of the following:
– Absolute increase in serum creatinine of either 0.3
mg/dl
– A percentage increase in SCr of 50% or more
– A reduction in UOP (documented oliguria)
Etiology of AKI
AKI
Classification of AKI:
• Non Oliguria:
– Urine output > 400 ml/24hr
• Oliguria:
– Urine output < 400 ml/24 hr
• Anuria:
– Urine output < 50 ml/24 hr
Other terms
• Azotemia:
– Accumulation of nitrogenous waste
• Uremia:
– Symptomatic AKI (eg MS changes, loss of appetite, tremors)
Oliguria is a well-recognized and poor prognostic indicator in
patients with AKI.
The development of oliguria complicates clinical management,

particularly for fluid balance.
Use of diuretics therefore reflects attempt to convert oliguric

state to non-oliguric state.
Bagshaw SM, Bellomo R, Kellum JA. Oliguria, volume overload, and loop diuretics. Crit Care Med. 2008;36 Suppl:S172-8.
Uchino S. Outcome prediction for patients with acute kidneyinjury. Nephron Clin Pract. 2008;109:c217-23.
Epidemiology
 AKI  1 million hospitalized patients in the United States.
 The incidence of AKI  is reported to occur in up to 5% to 7% of all hospitalized
patients.
 Up to two thirds of critically ill patients.
 5% to 6% of patients with AKI require renal replacement therapy
 Mortality rate in this population that requires renal replacement therapy is ap-
proximately 50% to 70%.
 AKI also significantly increases length of hospital stay
 AKI survivors are still at high risk for long-term adverse outcomes such as chronic
kidney disease, end-stage renal disease, and premature death, even if the serum
creatinine level returns to normal.
 Despite recent advances, the incidence of AKI has increased more than four-fold
since 1998
 Approximate incidence is 500 per 10,000 population.
 Annual health cost due to AKI is more than 10 billion per year.
Waikar SS, Curhan GC, Wald R, McCarthy EP, Chertow GM. Declining mortality in patients with acute renal failure, 1988 to 2002. J Am Soc Nephrol.
2006;17:1143-50.Xue JL, Daniels F, Star RA, Kimmel PL, Eggers PW, MolitorisBA, et al. Incidence and mortality of acute renal failure in Medicare
beneficiaries, 1992 to 2001. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2006; 17:1135-42.Palevsky PM. Epidemiology of acute renal failure: the tip of the iceberg. Clin J Am Soc
Nephrol. 2006;1:6-7.
Epidemiology
Epidemiology
Epidemiology
Epidemiology
Epidemiology
High Risk for AKI
Diuretics
Definition
Classes
Practice vs. evidence
Definition:
These are the group of medications which
act by diminishing sodium reabsorption at
different sites in the nephron, thereby
increasing urinary sodium and water losses
Classification
Loop diuretics – TAL of Henle
Thiazide-type diuretics-- distal tubule and
connecting segment (and perhaps the early cortical
collecting tubule)
Potassium-sparing diuretics--aldosterone-sensitive
principal cells in the cortical collecting tubule
 Acetazolamide and mannitol act at least in part in the
proximal tubule
Vassopressin receptor Antagonists
Loop Diuretics
 Fuoresemide, Bumetanide, Torsemide, ethacrynic acid.

 Furosemide is one of the most frequently prescribed drugs in the United States.
 The principle MOA involves blockade of the Na-K-2Cl transporter on the luminal side of
the TAL of Henle.
 Expression of this transporter leads to sodium retention (accounting for high sodium
reabsorption of up to 40% of filtered load that normally occurs in this nephron segment)
and increases in medullary tonicity leading to increased water reabsorption.
 The expression of the Na-K-2Cl transporter is regulated via cyclic adenosine
monophosphate pathways with vasopressin amplifying its expression and prostanoid
prostaglandin E2 reducing its expression.
Pharmacokinetics
 Weak organic acid
 Highly protein bound.
 Secreted in urinary space, not filtered!
 Conditions e.g Metabolic acidosis, medications which are protein bound
can interfere with their delivery
 Elimination half-life is 1 hour for bumetanide, 1.5 to 2 hours for
furosemide, and 3 to 4 hours for torsemide.
 The average bioavailability of oral furosemide is 50%; however, it is
highly variable, ranging from 10% to 100%.. In comparison, absorption of
oral bumetanide and oral torsemide ranges from 80% to 100%, and
hence their oral dose is equivalent to the intravenous dose
 The elimination half-life of furosemide is prolonged (from 1.5-2 to 2.8 h)
in patients with renal insufficiency because both urinary excretion and
renal metabolism are reduced. In comparison, bumetanide and
torsemide are metabolized predominantly in the liver and hence their
half-lives are not prolonged in patients with renal insufficiency.
.
Pharmacokinetic data for select diuretics
Diuretics: Still the mainstay of treatment.

Wang, David; Gottlieb, Stephen
Critical Care Medicine. 36(1) Suppl:S89-S94, January

2008.
DOI: 10.1097/01.CCM.0000296272.68078.6B
Pharmacodynamics
 Diuretic response of Loop Diuretics
correlates more with their urinary rather
than plasma concentration.
 The relationship between the natriuretic
response (measured by fractional excretion
of sodium) and the amount of diuretic
reaching the site of action is sigmoid
shaped.
 This relationship is important clinically in
establishing a threshold below which there
will be no diuretic action and also a ceiling
dose above which no additional diuretic
action will take place.
 Thus, once a maximally effective dose of a
loop diuretic agent is administered, the
only way to increase response is to
administer another class of diuretics which
act downstream.
Pharmacodynamics
Natriuretic effect depends on filtered sodium. Other
concomitant factors such as heart failure, liver failure,
volume depletion, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory
agents significantly alter the pharmacodynamic properties
of loop diuretics.
Under these condition increasing doses do not produce

added natriuresis, in fact frequent modest doses or
continuous infusion are better.
Loop diuretic tolerance from flooding of the distal

nephron sites by the solute not reabsorbed from the loop of
Henle  hypertrophy of collecting and connecting duct
segments an increase in the reabsorption of sodium at
distal sites and a reduction in total diuresis.
Bolus therapy vs. Continous

Pharmacodynamics
Renal insufficiency Nephrotic Cirrhosis Heart failure
syndrome
Moderate Severe
Mechanism of Impaired delivery to the site of Diminished nephron Diminished Diminished
diminished action responsiveness nephron nephron
response to response response
Diuretic
Binding of diuretic to urinary
protein
Therapeutic Sufficient doses to attain Increased frequency of effective Increased Increased
strategy effective excretion rates of dose frequency of frequency of
diuretic at the site of action effective dose effective dose
Sufficient doses to attain

effective excretion rates of
unbound diuretic at the site of
action
Ceiling dose,
mg (IV)
Furosemide 80- 160 160- 200 80- 120 40 40- 80
Bumetanide 4-8 8-10 2-3 1 1-2
Tosemide 20-50 50-100 20-50 10 10-20
TRANSLATIONAL PHYSIOLOGYLoop diuretics: from the Na-K-2Cl transporter to clinical use

Pharmacodynamics
Doses for continuous intravenous infusion of loop diuretics
Creatinine clearance ml/min
All level <25 25-75 >75
Intravenous Infusion rate, mg/ hr

loading dose,
mg
furosemide 40 20 then 40 10 then 20 10
bumetanide 1 1 then 2 0.5 then 1 0.5
torsemide 20 10 then 20 5 then 10 5

Why Diuretics….
• Fluid dilemma in acquired AKI.
• Reno – protection
• Ongoing trial
• Atrial Natriuretic peptide
• Final word
Dilemmas of fluid management in acquired AKI
Dilemmas of fluid management in
acquired AKI
Dilemmas of fluid management
in acquired AKI
Dilemmas of fluid management in Fluid and Catheter
acquired AKI treatment trial (FaCtt)
 Patients were randomly assigned to a
strategy involving either conservative
or liberal use of fluids with concealed
allocation in permuted blocks of eight
 Eligible patients were intubated and
received positive-pressure ventilation,
had a ratio of the partial pressure of
arterial oxygen (PaO2) to the fraction
of inspired oxygen (FiO2) of less than
300
 Exclusion criteria were the presence of
chronic conditions that could
independently influence survival,
impair weaning, or compromise
compliance with the protocol;
advanced cancer.
Why Diuretics….
• Reno - protection
• Ongoing trial
• Final word
Acute renal success. The unexpected
logic of oliguria in acute renal
failure
Thurau K, Boylan JW. Am J Med. 1976 Sep;61(3):308-
15
Unload the stressed kidney ?

1.Acute renal failure = “acute renal success”
2.↓ in GFR (mediated by TGF) = ↓ reabsorptive work

--- 1.Preserve renal O2 supply/demand + medullary
oxygenation
--- 2.Mitigate ischemic/hypoxic injury
3.If protective - why do we apply strategies to ↑ GFR?

Acute renal failure is NOT an “acute renal success”—a clinical study on the
renal oxygen supply/demand relationship in acute kidney injury
Redfors, Bengt MD, PhD; Bragadottir, Gudrun MD; Sellgren, Johan MD, PhD; Swärd, Kristina MD, PhD;
Ricksten, Sven-Erik MD, PhD
Historical fact:
• The renal oxygen supply/demand relationship, are lacking and current
views on renal oxygenation in the clinical situation of acute kidney
injury are presumptive and largely based on experimental studies.
• Design: Prospectiv, two- group comparative study

• Setting: Cardiothoracic intensive care unit.
• Patients: Post cardiac surgery patients with (n= 12) and without (n= 37)
AKI
• Measurement: 1. Renal blood flow (Renal vein thermodilution
technique, Infusion clearance of PAHA) 2. Renal oxygen consumption.
3. GFR 4. Renal Oxygenation
Acute renal failure is NOT an "acute renal success"-a clinical study on the renal oxygen
supply/demand relationship in acute kidney injury.
Redfors, Bengt; MD, PhD; Bragadottir, Gudrun; Sellgren, Johan; MD, PhD; Sward, Kristina; MD,
PhD; Ricksten, Sven-Erik; MD, PhD
Critical Care Medicine. 38(8):1695-1701, August 2010.

DOI: 10.1097/CCM.0b013e3181e61911
© 2010 by the Society of Critical Care Medicine and Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Published by Lippincott
Williams & Wilkins, Inc.
Redfors, Bengt; MD, PhD; Bragadottir, Gudrun; Sellgren, Johan; MD, PhD; Sward, Kristina; MD, PhD;
Ricksten, Sven-Erik; MD, PhD
Renal variables obtained from the thermodilution and

the infusion clearance techniques
Redfors, Bengt; MD, PhD; Bragadottir, Gudrun; Sellgren, Johan; MD, PhD; Sward,
Kristina; MD, PhD; Ricksten, Sven-Erik; MD, PhD

DOI: 10.1097/CCM.0b013e3181e61911
Figure 1. Shows the individual data on the

relationship between renal oxygen consumption
and glomerular filtration rate for the control group
and patients with acute kidney injury (AKI). Note
that the slope of the regression line was
significantly (p = .04) higher in the AKI group
compared with control.
Redfors, Bengt; MD, PhD; Bragadottir, Gudrun; Sellgren, Johan; MD, PhD; Sward, Kristina;
MD, PhD; Ricksten, Sven-Erik; MD, PhD

DOI: 10.1097/CCM.0b013e3181e61911
Shows the individual data on the relationship

between renal oxygen consumption (RVO2)
and renal sodium resorption for the control
group (RVO2 = 2.43 + 0.82 x sodium
resorption) and patients with acute kidney
injury (AKI) (RVO2 = 3.27 + 1.94 x sodium
resorption). Note that the slope of the
regression line was significantly (p = .004)
higher in the AKI group compared with
control, whereas the intercepts of the
regression lines did not differ significantly.
Acute renal failure is NOT an "acute renal success"-a clinical study
on the renal oxygen supply/demand relationship in acute kidney
injury.
Redfors, Bengt; MD, PhD; Bragadottir, Gudrun; Sellgren, Johan; MD, PhD; Sward, Kristina; MD, PhD; Ricksten,
Sven-Erik; MD, PhD
 Conclusion:
 Acute renal failure is not renal success.
 Renal oxygen consumption in and around time of AKI is significantly
higher.
 The amount of oxygen consumed to absorb certain mmol of Na is
significantly higher in AKI as compared to control.
How can Diuretics be put to use in a condition which
predisposes kidneys at risk of oxygen demand and
supply mismatch !!!
Design and setting :Prospective Differential effect of human atrial natriuretic
two-agent interventional study in
a university hospital peptide and furosemide on GFR and renal
cardiothoracic ICU
Patients. Nineteen uncomplicated, oxygen consumption
mechanically ventilated post Kristina Swärd1, Felix Valsson1, Johan Sellgren1 and Sven-Erik Ricksten
cardiac surgery patients with Department of Cardiothoracic Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Sahlgrenska
normal renal function. University Hospital, 41345 Gothenburg, Sweden
Interventions h-ANP (25 and
Variable
50 ng/kg per minute,Control
n=10) or Furosemide P-value h- ANP P - value
furosemide (0.5 mg/kg
Cardiac output 5.6 per hour, 6.1 <0.001 5.0 <0.05
n=9 (L/min)
Mean arterial 80.2 80.6 NS 74 <0.001
pressure
Renal plasma 802 779 NS 655 <0.05
flow
GFR (ml/min) 89.1 78.5 <0.001 97 <0.001
Na reabsorption 12.0 7.7 <0.001 13.3 <0.01
mmol
Fena (%) 1.8 29.4 <0.001 5.4 <0.05
Urine flow 2.4 23.3 <0.001 4.7 <0.05
(ml/min)
RVO2 11.1 7.9 <0.001 13.0 <0.001
consumption
O2 extraction 10.5 8.5 <0.05 13.3 <0.001
(renal)
Sward et al ICM
Conclusions 2005
h-ANP improves glomerular filtration rate but does not have energy-
conserving tubular effects.
furosemide decreases tubular sodium reabsorption and renal oxygen
Can Diuretics prevent AKI….
Experimental Evidence of Loop
Diuretics
 The bulk of the kidney’s metabolic activity is devoted to sodium reabsorption.
 The medullary thick ascending limb lives on thin balance. (partial pressure
15mm Hg) prone to ischemic injury
 Experimental evidence has shown that loop diuretics:
 Increase oxygenation of renal tissue.
 Prevent renal adenosine 5’ triphosphate depletion.
 Increases in glomerular filtration rate.
 Improvement in renal blood flow.
 Prevention of tubular obstruction by increasing tubular flow by flushing
tubular debris.
 Low-dose furosemide can reduce ischemia/reperfusion injury by improving
renal hemodynamics and attenuating ischemia-related changes in angiogenic
gene transcription.
 Low-dose furosemide infusion also has been shown to attenuate
ischemia/reperfusion-induced apoptosis.
Effects of Saline, Mannitol, and Furosemide on Acute
Decreases in Renal Function Induced by
Radiocontrast Agents
Richard Solomon, Craig Werner, Denise Mann, John D'Elia, and Patricio SilvaN Engl J
Med 1994; 331:1416-142November 24, 1994
Prospective study; 78 patients with CRI (mean [±SD] SCr = 2.1

±0.6 mg per deciliter who underwent cardiac angiography.
 Randomly assigned to receive 0.45 percent saline alone for 12
hours before and 12 hours after angiography,saline plus
mannitol, or saline plus furosemide.
The mannitol and furosemide were given just before
angiography. Serum creatinine was measured before and for 48
hours after
 An acute radiocontrast-induced decrease in renal function was
defined as an increase in the base-line SCr concentration of at
least 0.5 mg per deciliter (44 μmol per liter) within 48 hours
after the injection of radiocontrast agents.
Decreases in Renal Function Induced by Radiocontrast
Agents
Richard Solomon, Craig Werner, Denise Mann, John D'Elia, and Patricio SilvaN Engl J Med
1994; 331:1416-142November 24, 1994
Variable P value Saline Mannitol and P value Furosemide P value
N = 28 saline and saline
N = 25 N = 25
Changes in
serum
creatinine
mg/dl
24 hr after 0.003 0.0 +/-0.2 0.2 +/- 0.2 0.01 0.3 +/- 0.4 0.002
radiocontrast
agent
48 hr after 0.021 0.1 +/- 0.5 0.3 +/- 0.4 0.10 0.5 +/- 0.6 0.002
radiocontrast
agent
Incidence of 0.05 3 (11) 7 (28) 0.16 10 (40) 0.02
acute renal
dysfunction–
no of patient
%
Absolute Changes in Serum Creatinine Concentration after the

Administration of Radiocontrast Agents and the Incidence of Acute
Renal Dysfunction, According to Treatment Group
Decreases in Renal Function Induced by Radiocontrast
Agents
Richard Solomon, Craig Werner, Denise Mann, John D'Elia, and Patricio SilvaN Engl J Med
1994; 331:1416-142November 24, 1994
CONCLUSION:
 In patients with chronic renal insufficiency who are undergoing
cardiac angiography, hydration with 0.45 percent saline provides
better protection against acute decreases in renal function
induced by radiocontrast agents than does hydration with 0.45
percent saline plus mannitol or furosemide.
Forced euvolemic diuresis with mannitol and
furosemide for prevention of contrast-induced
nephropathy in patients with CKD undergoing
coronary angiography: a randomized controlled trial.
Majumdar SR, Kjellstrand CM, Tymchak WJ, Hervas-Malo M, Taylor DA, Teo KK.
Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. Am J Kidney
Dis. 2009 Oct;54(4):602-9. Epub 2009 Jun 17
 BACKGROUND: Contrast-induced nephropathy is common in patients with

coronary angiography. Mechanistically, forced euvolemic diuresis with
mannitol and furosemide ought to prevent contrast-induced nephropathy.
 Objective: (1) undertake a randomized trial testing this hypothesis, and (2)
conduct a meta-analysis of our findings with 2 earlier studies.
 STUDY DESIGN:(1) Randomized allocation-concealed controlled trial with

blinded ascertainment of outcomes, and (2) random-effects meta-analysis of
3 trials.
Forced euvolemic diuresis with mannitol and furosemide
for prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy in patients
with CKD undergoing coronary angiography: a randomized
controlled trial.
Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. Am J
Kidney Dis. 2009 Oct;54(4):602-9. Epub 2009 Jun 17
Forced euvolemic diuresis with mannitol and furosemide
for prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy in patients
controlled trial.
Forced euvolemic diuresis with mannitol and furosemide for
prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy in patients with
CKD undergoing coronary angiography: a randomized
controlled trial.
Adverse clinical event Intervention (n= 46) Control (n = 46) P
Dialysis 5 (11) 4 (9) 0.9
Doubling of creatinine or 6 (13) 4(9) 0.5
dialysis
Death 0 3 (7) 0.1
Death or dialysis 5 (11) 7 (15) 0.5
Transfer to ICU 0 0 -
LENGTH OF STAY (D) 13 +/- 21 10 +/- 0.3
Forced euvolemic diuresis with mannitol and furosemide for
prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy in patients
controlled trial.
Conclusion
Forced euvolemic diuresis led to a significantly
increased risk of contrast-induced nephropathy. This
strategy should be abandoned, and our results suggest
that oral furosemide therapy perhaps should be held
before angiography.
Loop diuretics in the management of acute renal failure: a
prospective, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized study
Shilliday IR, Quinn KJ, Allison ME.
Nephrol Dial Transplant. 1997 Dec;12(12):2592-6.
Method:
Total number of patients = 92
All received IV dopamine 2 ug/kg body weight/ min
throughout.
20 % mannitol 100ml q6h first 3 days
Than in a double blind manner either furosemide,
torsemide or placebo 3mg/kg body weight I.V q6h for
21 days or until renal recovery or Death.
Demographis and clinical features
Torsemide Furosemide Placebo P
Age (years) 58.7 +/- 13.8 59.2 +/-16.5 58.3 +/- 14.1 0.97
Sex (%)
Male 53 50 63
female 47 50 37
Apache II score 19.6 +/- 4.5 19.1 +/- 7.2 18.4 +/- 5.8 0.77
(pre-study)
Creatinine clearance 10 +/- 11 8 +/- 9 7 +/- 8 0.45

(ml/min)
Hourly urine volume 24 +/- 18 32 +/- 4.5 20 +/- 16 0.32

(ml/hr0
Outcome of actual renal failure at day 21
Torsemide Furosemide Placebo P

(%) (%) (%)
Increase in urine flow 57 48 23 0.02
Renal recovery 17 28 23 0.56
dialysis 36 31 40 0.87
Death by 21 days 47 41 37 0.73
No dialysis
Total death by 21 70 66 50 0.24
days
Final outcome by day 56 of people requiring dialysis

Torsemide Furosemide P
(%) (%)
Death 64 60 42
In conclusion loop diuretics have no benefecial effect on
duration of renal dysfunction, need for dialysis, or, in
mortality in ARF.
Diuretics, Mortality, and Nonrecovery of Renal
Function in Acute Renal Failure
Ravindra L. Mehta, MD; Maria T. Pascual, RN, MPH; Sharon Soroko, MS M. Chertow, MD,
MPH; for the PICARD Study Group
Secondary retrospective analysis from the Project to Improve Care in Acute

Renal Disease (PICARD) database
 Population: 552 (64%) critically ill patients with AKI (defined as

BUN>40 mg/dL, sCr>2 mg/dL or sustained rise >1 mg/dL above
baseline.
 Intervention/Exposure: Diuretic use at any time in 7 days following

nephrology consultation.
 Outcome: Death, non-recovery
Mehta et al JAMA 2002

Diuretics, Mortality, and Nonrecovery of Renal
Function in Acute Renal Failure
Ravindra L. Mehta, MD; Maria T. Pascual, RN, MPH; Sharon Soroko, MS M. Chertow,
MD, MPH; for the PICARD Study Group
Diuretics were used in 59% (n= 326)

Diuretics given on day 1 N% Dose
Furosemide 203 (62) 80 (20- 320)
Bumetanide 106 (58) 10 (2- 29)
Metolazone 106 (33) 10 (5-20)

Hydrodiuril 13 (4) -
Loop + thiazide 105 (32) -
Table 1. Baseline Patient Characteristics on First Day of Nephrology Consultation*.
Mehta, R. L. et al. JAMA 2002;288:2547-2553

Figure 2. Time to Death or Dialysis From Day of Consultation in Intensive Care Unit Groups are
stratified by day 1 status.

Figure 1. Time Trends in Mean Serum Creatinine Levels, Mean Blood Urea Nitrogen Levels, and
Median Urine Output Among the 416 Patients Who Survived for at Least 7 Days After
Nephrology Consultation in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) Groups are stratified by day 1 status:
no diuretics vs diuretic therapy with response.

Table 2. Effect of Diuretics on Mortality and Nonrecovery of Renal Function Compared With No
Diuretic Use*.
Conclusion:
The use of diuretics in critically ill
patients with acute renal failure was
associated with an increased risk of death and
Diuretics and mortality in acute renal failure .
Uchino, Shigehiko; Doig, Gordon; Bellomo, Rinaldo; Morimatsu, Hiroshi; Morgera, Stanislao; Schetz, Miet; Tan, Ian; Bouman,
Catherine; Macedo, Ettiene; Gibney, Noel; Tolwani, Ashita; Ronco, Claudio; Kellum, John
Beginning and Ending Support Therapy for the Kidney (B.E.S.T. Kidney) Investigator
Secondary analysis of the Beginning and Ending Support Therapy (BEST)

for the Kidney database
 1. Population: 1,731 critically ill patients with AKI (defined by: need for
RRT; BUN>86 mg/ dL, K>6.5 mmol/L; oliguria <200mL/12hr; anuria)
 2. Intervention/Exposure: Diuretic use after study enrolment
 3. Outcome: In-hospital death

Uchino, Shigehiko; Doig, Gordon; Bellomo, Rinaldo; Morimatsu, Hiroshi; Morgera, Stanislao; Schetz, Miet; Tan,
Ian; Bouman, Catherine; Macedo, Ettiene; Gibney, Noel; Tolwani, Ashita; Ronco, Claudio; Kellum, John
Diuretic use N (%)

Any diuretic use 1.117 (60.8)
Furosemide 1.098 (98.3)
Other loop diuretic 29 (2.6)
Mannitol 22 (2.00
Metolazone 19 (1.7)
Spironalactone 18 (1.6)
Thiazide 14 (1.3)
other 14 (1.3)
Diuretics and mortality in acute renal failure *.
Uchino, Shigehiko; Doig, Gordon; Bellomo, Rinaldo; Morimatsu, Hiroshi; Morgera, Stanislao; Schetz, Miet; Tan, Ian; Bouman,
Catherine; Macedo, Ettiene; Gibney, Noel; Tolwani, Ashita; Ronco, Claudio; Kellum, John

DOI: 10.1097/01.CCM.0000132892.51063.2F
.
Uchino, Shigehiko; Doig, Gordon; Bellomo, Rinaldo; Morimatsu, Hiroshi; Morgera,
Stanislao; Schetz, Miet; Tan, Ian; Bouman, Catherine; Macedo, Ettiene; Gibney, Noel;
Tolwani, Ashita; Ronco, Claudio; Kellum, John

DOI: 10.1097/01.CCM.0000132892.51063.2F
Table 2. Diagnostic group at intensive care unit

admission for patients with acute renal failure
.
Uchino, Shigehiko; Doig, Gordon; Bellomo, Rinaldo; Morimatsu, Hiroshi;
Morgera, Stanislao; Schetz, Miet; Tan, Ian; Bouman, Catherine; Macedo, Ettiene;
Gibney, Noel; Tolwani, Ashita; Ronco, Claudio; Kellum, John
DOI: 10.1097/01.CCM.0000132892.51063.2F
Table 3. Physiologic and laboratory variables for patients © 2004 by the Society of Critical Care Medicine and Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Published by Lippincott
with acute renal failure Williams & Wilkins, Inc.
Uchino, Shigehiko; Doig, Gordon; Bellomo, Rinaldo; Morimatsu, Hiroshi; Morgera, Stanislao; Schetz,
Miet; Tan, Ian; Bouman, Catherine; Macedo, Ettiene; Gibney, Noel; Tolwani, Ashita; Ronco, Claudio;
Kellum, John
In- hospital mortality OR (95% CI)
MODEL 1 (MEHTA et al) 1.21 (0.96 – 1.50)
MODEL 2 (PROPENSITY) 1.22 (0.96 – 1.60)
MODEL 3 (Multi collinearity) 1.22 (0.92- 1.60)

PICARD/ BEST Studies
Caveats to these studies:
 1. Observational → Confounding
 2. Selection/information bias
 3. Severe/advanced AKI at inclusion (sCr>3.5)
 4. No data on specifics of fluid resuscitation
 5. No data on fluid overload/ accumulation
 6. No data on timing of diuretic use
The efficacy of loop diuretics in acute renal failure:
Assessment using Bayesian evidence synthesis
techniques
Sampath, Sriram MD (Gen Med); Moran, John L. FRACP, FJFICM, MD; Graham, Petra L.
PhD; Rockliff, Sue BA, Grad Dip Lib; Bersten, Andrew D. MD, FANZCA, FJFICM; Abrams,
Keith R. PhD
 Data Source: Randomized controlled trials or nonrandomized

studies, 1966 to January 2007.
 Study Selection: Studies with assessable predefined end points,
exclusive of those pertaining to acute renal failure prophylaxis or
chronic renal failure.
 Data Extraction: Data extraction was performed jointly by the first
two authors; independent study assessment was via standard
checklist, unblinded.
 Data Synthesis: The primary outcome was mortality; secondary
outcomes were time to renal function normalization and total
number of dialyses
The efficacy of loop diuretics in acute renal failure: Assessment using Bayesian
evidence synthesis techniques.
Sampath, Sriram; Moran, John; FRACP, FJFICM; Graham, Petra; Rockliff, Sue;
BA, Grad; Bersten, Andrew; MD, FANZCA; Abrams, Keith
Critical Care Medicine. 35(11):2516-2524, November 2007.

DOI: 10.1097/01.CCM.0000284503.88148.6F
Figure 4. Forest plot showing effect of randomized and

nonrandomized studies on dialysis rate, as incidence
rate ratio. Small solid squares, study estimates; vertically
capped horizontal lines, 95% credible intervals (CI);
vertical lines within vertically capped diamond-shaped
boxes, subgroup and overall point estimates and 95% CI;
vertical straight line, the null effect.
The efficacy of loop diuretics in acute renal failure: Assessment using Bayesian evidence
synthesis techniques.
Sampath, Sriram; Moran, John; FRACP, FJFICM; Graham, Petra; Rockliff, Sue; BA, Grad; Bersten,
Andrew; MD, FANZCA; Abrams, Keith
DOI: 10.1097/01.CCM.0000284503.88148.6F
Table 1. Characteristics of studies included for meta-

analysis
The efficacy of loop diuretics in acute renal failure: Assessment using
Bayesian evidence synthesis techniques.
Sampath, Sriram; Moran, John; FRACP, FJFICM; Graham, Petra; Rockliff, Sue;
BA, Grad; Bersten, Andrew; MD, FANZCA; Abrams, Keith

DOI: 10.1097/01.CCM.0000284503.88148.6F
Sampath, Sriram; Moran, John; FRACP, FJFICM; Graham, Petra; Rockliff, Sue; BA,
Grad; Bersten, Andrew; MD, FANZCA; Abrams, Keith
DOI: 10.1097/01.CCM.0000284503.88148.6F

nonrandomized studies on mortality treatment effect as
risk ratio. Small solid squares, study estimates; vertically
capped horizontal lines, 95% credible intervals (CI);
vertical lines within vertically capped diamond-shaped
boxes, subgroup and overall point estimates and 95% CI;
vertical straight line, the null effect.
Sampath, Sriram; Moran, John; FRACP, FJFICM; Graham, Petra; Rockliff, Sue; BA,
Grad; Bersten, Andrew; MD, FANZCA; Abrams, Keith
DOI: 10.1097/01.CCM.0000284503.88148.6F

nonrandomized studies on time taken to normalize
creatinine/urea, as mean difference (days). Small solid
squares, study estimates; vertically capped horizontal
lines, 95% credible intervals (CI); vertical lines within
vertically capped diamond-shaped boxes, subgroup and
overall point estimates and 95% CI; vertical straight line,
the null effect.
The efficacy of loop diuretics in acute renal failure:
Assessment using Bayesian evidence synthesis techniques
Conclusion:
The use of loop diuretics was found to significantly
decrease the oliguric period by a mean of 7.7 days
Why Diuretics….
• Ongoing trial

• Final word
Study Type: Interventional
Study Design: Non randomized The Effect of Loop Diuretics on Severity
Intervention Model: Single Group Ass
ignment Masking: Open Label
and Outcome of Acute Kidney Injury
Primary Purpose: Diagnostic ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01275729
Condition: AKI Sponsor: University of Chicago
Intervention: Furosemide(1mg/kg
(naïve), 1.5mg/kg (non- naïve)
Inclusion Criteria: Exclusion Criteria:

 18 yrs or older  Voluntary refusal
 increase in serum creatinine of 0.3  Patients with advanced chronic kideny
disease - as defined by a baseline GFR <
mg/dl within 48 hours or an
30 ml/min (MDRD)
increase of greater than or equal to
 history of renal transplant
150% from baselinie or sustained
 Pregnant patients
oliguria (UOP < 0.5 cc/kg/hr for 6
hours with the last 48hours)  Allergy / Sensitivity to Loop diuretics
 written informed consentpatients (furosemide)
 Pre-renal AKI defined by a FENa of < 1%
 with an indwelling bladder
and no urinary casts under-
catheter resuscitated per the treating clinical
teamactive bleed
Estimated Enrollment: 150  Post renal AKI evidence of hydro-
Study Start Date: December 2010 ureter clincal scenario wherein
Estimated Study Completion Date: December 2015 obstruction is considered a likely
Estimated Primary Completion Date: December
2012 (Final data collection date for primary possibility
outcome measure)
Why Diuretics….
• Reno – protectionOngoing trial

• Final word
Atrial Natriuretic Peptide
Natriuretic peptide (NP) family
ANP : -atrial natriuretic peptide (28 a.a.)
-ANP : dimmeric form of human ANP
N-terminal proANP (98 a.a.)
BNP : brain natriuretic peptide (32 a.a.)
N-terminal proBNP (76 a.a.)
CNP : C-type natriuretic peptide (22 and 53 a.a.)
Fig. Schematic representation of the
ANP and BNP precursors with sequence
numbering defining low-molecular-mass
Amino Acid Sequences of the Three Human
Natriuretic Peptides
-atrial natriuretic
peptide(ANP)
Prohormone (Pro-ANP) in cardiac tissue is cleaved
into two fragments :
N-terminal fragment (ANP 1-98)
C-terminal 28a.a. peptide (ANP 99-126)
mRNA has been found in many tissues but is most
abundant in the atria of the heart
Urodilatin (ANP 95-126)
Action of Atrial Natriuretic Peptide at
Target Cells
Physiology
ANP and BNP concentrations increase in response to
volume expansion and pressure overload of the heart
natriuretic-peptide family counterbalance the effects
of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
Physiology
ANP and BNP have been shown to be physiological
antagonists of the effects of
(1) angiotensin II on vascular tone
(2) aldosterone secretion
(3) renal-tubule sodium reabsorption
(4) vascular-cell growth
Conditions investigated for possible
uses of plasma
natriuretic peptides
• Identification of LV hypertrophy in
hypertension
• Recognition of obstructive hypertrophic
cardiomyopathy
• Detection of LV diastolic dysfunction
• Screening for mild heart failure
• Evaluation of LV systolic dysfunction
• Assessment of severity of congestive
heart failure
• Monitoring of therapy in congestive
heart failure
• Estimation of infarct size after
myocardial infarction
• Prognostic outcome after myocardial
infarction
Therapeutic potential
ANP and BNP infusion
Decrease
right-atrial and pulmonary-capillary pressure
renin and aldosterone concentration
Increase
urinary sodium and water excretion
Atrial Natriuretic factor in Oliguric
Acute Renal Failure
 222 patients with oliguric acute renal failure were enrolled into a multicenter,
randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.
 Designed to assess prospectively the safety and efficacy of ANP compared
with placebo.
 Subjects were randomized to treatment with a 24-hour infusion of ANP
(anaritide, 0.2 microgram/kg/min; synthetic form of human ANP) or
placebo.
 Dialysis and mortality status were followed up for 60 days.
 The primary efficacy end point was dialysis-free survival through day 21.
Atrial Natriuretic factor in
Oliguric Acute Renal Failure
Characteristics Anaritide Placebo All subjects
(n= 108) (n= 114)
Age (y) 64 +/- 16 65 +/- 15 64 +/- 16
Sex (% men) 56 53 55
Ethnicity (% white) 80 82 81
Medical status at
presentation
In ICU (%) 85 89 87
On Respirator (%) 54 63 59
Acute medical
condition (%)
Myocardial infarction 12 10 11
in 48 h before
randomization
Gastrointestinal bleed 5 7 6
Hepatic dysfunction 16 20 18
Pancreatitis 5 7 6
DIC 13 9 11
Thrombocytopenia 22 13 18
Anemia 12 17 14
Arrythmia requiring 25 16 20
treatment (%)
Infection (%) 46 47 47
Sepsis (%) 38 35 35
ARDS (%) 13 13 13
CV failure (%) 46 47 47
Characteristics Anaritide Placebo All subjects
(n= 108) (n= 114)
Chronic medical condition (%)
Diabetes 34 31 35
CRI 15 18 13
Hepatic cirrhosis 5 4 5
Immune defeciency 6 5 6
Hypertension (%) 58 56 57
CHF (%) 36 27 32
CAD 49 45 47
CHRONIC ARRYTHMIA (%) 22 10 16
Active malignancy (%) 7 6 7
Renal function measurement
Mean SCr 4.3 4.1 4.2
Mean CrCl 8.0 5.1 6.4
Anaritide Placebi All subjects
Primary cause for ATN (%)
Ischemic 58 49 54
Nephrotoxic 21 16 18
Multifactorial 20 35 28
Risk factor for ATN (%)
Radiocontrast dye 34 37 36
Aminoglycoside 16 18 17
Amphotericin B 1 1 1
Hemolysis/ rhabd 10 10 10
Cardiac surgery 17 22 19
Vascular surgery 5 13 9
Other surgery 23 23 23
Hypotension 65 60 62
Sepsis 34 31 32
Hemorrhage/hypovolemia 30 33 32
CV failure 30 18 24
Cause of ATN in Anaritide and

Acute Renal Failure
No. of patients Anaritide (%) Placebo (%) P
Study population as a whole 21 15 .22
Age <65 84 21 18 .75
Age >65 138 22 13 .18

Men 121 22 17 .51
Women 101 22 14 .30
Diabetes 69 22 26 .68
No diabetes 145 21 10 .06
History of CHF 68 26 17 .33
Sepsis 74 11 11 .94
Causes of ATN .88
Ischemia 18 17 .24
Nephrotoxic 41 24 .70
Multifactoria 14 10 .573
ARF + 1 other organ failure 50 24 17 .68
ARF + multi organ failure 109 11 9 .45
ARF without multi organ failure 55 39 29
Dialysis free survival through day 21

Acute Renal Failure
Systolic blood pressure during study drug infusion
Blood pressure Anaritide (n= 105) Placebo (n= 109) P
Systolic Bp at baseline (mm) 123 +/- 23.6 125.1 +/- 23.3 0.719
Minimum SBP during infusion (mm) 90.3 +/- 18.8 100.7 +/- 22.2 <0.001
Maximum absolute decrease in SBP during 33.6 +/- 20.4 23. +/- 19.1 0.001
infusion
Conclusion:
Dialysis-free survival rates were 21% in the ANP group
and 15% in the placebo group (P = 0.22). By day 14 of
the study, 64% and 77% of the ANP and placebo groups
had undergone dialysis, respectively (P = 0.054),.
Although a trend was present, there was no
statistically significant beneficial effect of ANP in
dialysis-free survival or reduction in dialysis in
these subjects with oliguric acute renal failure.
Why Diuretics….
• Ongoing trial
• Final word
Diuretics in the management of acute kidney injury: a
multinational survey.
Bagshaw SM, Delaney A, Jones D, Ronco, C Bellomo R
Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Alberta Hospital, University of
Alberta, Edmonton, Alta., Canada, Contrib Nephrol. 2007;156:236-49
 BACKGROUND: To determine the practice patterns of diuretic use

by clinicians.
 METHODS:Multinational, multicenter survey of intensive care

and nephrology clinicians that utilized an 18-question self-
reported questionnaire.
Private and regional hospitals 22.5%
Use of furosemide 67.1%
Primary route of delivery
---Intravenous 71.9%
---Bolus dosing 43.3%
Deciding factors for dosing
---current serum creatinine 73.6%
---urine output 73.4%
---blood pressure 59.7%
---central venous pressure 65.2%
---risk of ototoxicity 62.4%
---pulmonary edema 86.3%
Commonly used in conditions
---rhabdomyolysis 55.6%
---major surgery 56%
---cardiogenic shock 56.2%
---sepsis 49.5%
---prior to RRT 57.7%
---During recovery after RRT 33.9%
Taret UOP of >0.5 – 1.0ml/kg/hr 76.6%
Can Diuretics reduce mortality- NO 74.3%
Can diuretics reduce need of RRT- NO 50.8%
Can diuretics reduce duration of RRT- NO 57.8%
Readiness to participate in RCT 72.4%
Thank you
Acknowledgement
Dr. Showkat

Acute Kidney Injury

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Acute Kidney Injury

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Acute Kidney Injury

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Diuretics and in Acute

Asad J. Chaudhary M.D.

– With reduced excretion of nitrogenous waste (urea and

– Other uremic toxins

• Need for baseline SCr

Critical Care August 2004

• Acute Renal failure (older term)

JASN 18; 1987-1994, 2007

•An abrupt (within 48 h) reduction in kidney function

The development of oliguria complicates clinical management,

Use of diuretics therefore reflects attempt to convert oliguric

 Fuoresemide, Bumetanide, Torsemide, ethacrynic acid.

Pharmacokinetic data for select diuretics

Diuretics: Still the mainstay of treatment.

Critical Care Medicine. 36(1) Suppl:S89-S94, January

Under these condition increasing doses do not produce

Loop diuretic tolerance from flooding of the distal

Bolus therapy vs. Continous

Sufficient doses to attain

TRANSLATIONAL PHYSIOLOGYLoop diuretics: from the Na-K-2Cl transporter to clinical use

Creatinine clearance ml/min

All level <25 25-75 >75

Intravenous Infusion rate, mg/ hr

furosemide 40 20 then 40 10 then 20 10

bumetanide 1 1 then 2 0.5 then 1 0.5

torsemide 20 10 then 20 5 then 10 5

Unload the stressed kidney ?

2.↓ in GFR (mediated by TGF) = ↓ reabsorptive work

3.If protective - why do we apply strategies to ↑ GFR?

• Design: Prospectiv, two- group comparative study

Critical Care Medicine. 38(8):1695-1701, August 2010.

Critical Care Medicine. 38(8):1695-1701, August 2010.

Renal variables obtained from the thermodilution and

Critical Care Medicine. 38(8):1695-1701, August 2010.

Figure 1. Shows the individual data on the

Critical Care Medicine. 38(8):1695-1701, August 2010.

Shows the individual data on the relationship

Prospective study; 78 patients with CRI (mean [±SD] SCr = 2.1

Absolute Changes in Serum Creatinine Concentration after the

 BACKGROUND: Contrast-induced nephropathy is common in patients with

 STUDY DESIGN:(1) Randomized allocation-concealed controlled trial with

Torsemide Furosemide Placebo P

Creatinine clearance 10 +/- 11 8 +/- 9 7 +/- 8 0.45

Hourly urine volume 24 +/- 18 32 +/- 4.5 20 +/- 16 0.32

Torsemide Furosemide Placebo P

Final outcome by day 56 of people requiring dialysis

MPH; for the PICARD Study Group

Secondary retrospective analysis from the Project to Improve Care in Acute

 Population: 552 (64%) critically ill patients with AKI (defined as

 Intervention/Exposure: Diuretic use at any time in 7 days following

 Outcome: Death, non-recovery

Mehta et al JAMA 2002

MD, MPH; for the PICARD Study Group

Diuretics were used in 59% (n= 326)

Metolazone 106 (33) 10 (5-20)

Mehta, R. L. et al. JAMA 2002;288:2547-2553

Mehta, R. L. et al. JAMA 2002;288:2547-2553

Mehta, R. L. et al. JAMA 2002;288:2547-2553

Mehta, R. L. et al. JAMA 2002;288:2547-2553