Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 33 views

    Cardinality and Participation

    Uploaded by

    Amjad hassan
    The document discusses relationship constraints in database management systems, including cardinality constraints and participation constraints. It defines one-to-one, one-to-many, and many-to-many relationships. It also discusses how cardinality refers to both the number of entities participating in a relationship and the uniqueness of values in a database table column. Participation constraints can be total, where every entity participates in at least one relationship, or partial, where only some entities participate.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Cardinality and Participation

    Uploaded by

    Amjad hassan
    33 views16 pages
    The document discusses relationship constraints in database management systems, including cardinality constraints and participation constraints. It defines one-to-one, one-to-many, and many-to-many relationships. It also discusses how cardinality refers to both the number of entities participating in a relationship and the uniqueness of values in a database table column. Participation constraints can be total, where every entity participates in at least one relationship, or partial, where only some entities participate.

    Original Title

    Cardinality and Participation.pptx

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    The document discusses relationship constraints in database management systems, including cardinality constraints and participation constraints. It defines one-to-one, one-to-many, and many-to-many relationships. It also discusses how cardinality refers to both the number of entities participating in a relationship and the uniqueness of values in a database table column. Participation constraints can be total, where every entity participates in at least one relationship, or partial, where only some entities participate.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    33 views16 pages

    Cardinality and Participation

    Uploaded by

    Amjad hassan
    The document discusses relationship constraints in database management systems, including cardinality constraints and participation constraints. It defines one-to-one, one-to-many, and many-to-many relationships. It also discusses how cardinality refers to both the number of entities participating in a relationship and the uniqueness of values in a database table column. Participation constraints can be total, where every entity participates in at least one relationship, or partial, where only some entities participate.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 16

    Cardinality &

    Participation
    Constraint in DBMS
    Relationship Constraints
    We can distinguish two main types of relationship constraints:
    •Cardinality constraints
    •Participation constraint
    Requirements for analysis
    Requirement Analysis:
    •Every employee work for one department
    •An department can have many employees
    •New department need not have employee

    Degree:

    In every relationship how many entities are participating.


     
    Relationship
    Representation
    Requirement Analysis

    Every Department should have a manager & only one employee manages a department.
    An Employee can manage only one department
    Relationship
    Cardinality
    The term cardinality actually has two different meanings depending on the context of
    it’s usage – one meaning is in the context of Data modeling and the other meaning is in
    the context of SQL statements.
    In The Context Of Data Modeling
    It simply refers to the relationship that one table can have with another
    table

    Classification / Degree Of Cardinality

    One-to-One (1:1):One occurrence of an entity relates to only


    one occurrence in another entity.
    One-to-Many (1:M): One occurrence in an entity relates to many
    occurrences in another entity.
    Many-to-Many (M:N) Many occurrences in an entity relate to
    many occurrences in another entity.
    Three degrees of Cardinality
    One-to-One (1:1):One occurrence of an entity relates to only one occurrence in another
    entity.

    One-to-Many (1:M): One occurrence in an entity relates to many occurrences in another


    entity.

    Many-to-Many (M:N) Many occurrences in an entity relate to many occurrences in another


    entity.
    Requirement Analysis

    Employee belongs to the department, some of the employees are new and having no department. An
    employee is not belongs to more than one department at the same time.
    Employee salary is maintained on monthly basis. Therefore new employee might not have the
    salaries for the current month.
    Every employee participating in a team. Each employee participate in a single team.

    These teams are managed by the employees, an employee can manage the single team.
    Cardinality in SQL
    Cardinality refers to the uniqueness of data contained in a column. If a column has a lot of duplicate
    data (e.g. a column that stores either "true" or "false"),it has low cardinality, but if the values are highly
    unique (e.g. Social Security numbers), it has high cardinality
    Cardinality in SQL
    For example,

    let’s say we have a table with a “Gender” column which has only two possible
    values of “Male” and “Female”.
    Then, that “Gender” column would have a cardinality of 2, because there are only
    two unique values that could possibly appear in that column .
    Cardinality in SQL
    Let’s say that we have a primary key column on a table with 10,000 rows. What do you think the
    cardinality of that column would be?

    Primary key: It is a key in a relational database that is unique for each record.
    Participation Constraint

    There are two types of participation constraints—total and partial.

    The participation of an entity set E in a relationship set R is said to be total if every


    entity in E participates in at least one relationship in R.

    If only some entities in E participate in relationships in R, the participation of entity set


    E in relationship R is said to be partial. 
     
    Participation Constraint (In ER Model)

    Double line indicates the total participation constraint in an ER model. 


     

    Single line indicates the partial participation constraint in an ER model.

    You might also like