EXERG

Y
 WHAT IS EXERGY?

•  Several thermal and chemical processes in either domestic or

industrial systems are characterised by some form of waste so
that better energy utilization is desirable and possible.
• The conventional analysis of these energy systems is by the
use of the first law of thermodynamics.
• The change in internal energy of a system ΔU equals the net
heat transfer into the system Q, plus the net work done on the
system W.
SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS

"in all energy exchanges, if no energy enters or leaves the

system, the potential energy of the state will always be less
than that of the initial state."
 WHAT IS EXERGY?
• Exergy analysis uses the conservation of mass and
conservation of energy principles
• Second law of thermodynamics
• Predicting the direction of the processes
• Establishing conditions for equilibrium
• Determining the best theoretical performance of cycles, engines
and other devices
• Evaluating quantitatively the factors that prelude attainment of the
best theoretical performance level
 WHY EXERGY?
• Determine locations ,types and magnitudes of waste and loss
• Information is vital in design of thermal systems
 WHAT IS EXERGY?

• Exergy itself is defined as the maximum useful work that is

obtainable in a process in which the system comes to
equilibrium with its surrounding.
• Alternatively, exergy is the work that is available in a gas,
fluid or mass as a result of its non-equilibrium condition
relative to some reference condition.
EXERGY IS NOT CONSERVED BUT IS DESTROYED BY IRREVERSIBILITIES

• Isolated system consisting of a small container of fuel

surrounded by air in abundance.
• Fuel burns and release warm mixture of combustion
products and air
• The total quantity of energy associated with the
system is constant because no energy transfers take
place across the boundary of the isolated system.
• The system has greater potential for use initially than
it has finally.
• Initial potential is largely destroyed because of the
irreversible nature of the process.

Exergy is the property that quantifies potential for use

Exergy is the maximum theoretical work obtainable from an overall system as the system
comes into equilibrium with the environment
 EXERGY REFERENCE ENVIRONMENT AND DEAD STATE

•  Exergy reference environment: large enough portion of system

surroundings such that intensive properties(e.g.,) are unaffected by
interaction with the system.
• Simple compressible system
• Typical ambient conditions
• Dead state: When the system of interest is in thermodynamic
equilibrium with the environment().
EXERGY OF A SYSTEM
• No changes to intensive
properties
• Extensive properties affected
Internal energy(U)
Entropy(S)
Volume(V)

 𝑬 = ( 𝑼 − 𝑼 𝟎 ) + 𝒑𝟎 ( 𝑽 − 𝑽 𝟎 ) − 𝑻 𝟎 ( 𝑺 − 𝑺𝟎 ) + 𝑲𝑬 + 𝑷𝑬
SPECIFIC EXERGY OF A SYSTEM
•  Based on a unit mass or molar basis
  𝑉2
𝑒= ( 𝑢 − 𝑢 0 ) − 𝑇 0 ( 𝑠 − 𝑠 0 ) + 𝑝0 ( 𝑣 − 𝑣 0 ) + + 𝑔𝑧
2

• Where , and are the specific internal energy, volume, entropy,

kinetic energy and potential energy at the state of interest.
• , , and are specific properties at the dead state.
SPECIFIC EXERGY OF A SYSTEM…Example
•  Determine the specific exergy of saturated water vapor at
120°C, having a velocity of 30 m/s and an elevation of
6m, each relative to an exergy reference environment
where =298K(25°C), =1 atm, and g=9.8m/s.
  𝑉2
𝑒= ( 𝑢 − 𝑢 0 ) − 𝑇 0 ( 𝑠 − 𝑠 0 ) + 𝑝0 ( 𝑣 − 𝑣 0 ) + + 𝑔𝑧
2
EXERGY OF A SYSTEM
• Exergy
  is calculated at a point in the system relative to the reference
conditions by the following general equation:
2
𝑉
 

𝐸𝑥𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦=(𝑈 −𝑈 0) −𝑇 0( 𝑆 −𝑆0)+ 𝑃0( 𝑉 −𝑉 0)+ +𝑔 ( 𝑍 −𝑍0)+∑ ( 𝜇𝑐 −𝜇0) 𝑁 𝑐+𝑂𝑡h𝑒𝑟𝑠

2𝑔 𝑐
• Where U, V, S, C, and denote respectively the internal energy, volume,
entropy, velocity, elevation and chemical specie of the system at the
specified state and , , , , are the values of the same properties when the
system is at the equilibrium state.
EXERGY OF A SYSTEM CONT…
•  Neglecting radiation, nuclear, surface tension and other
effects, the total exergy E of a system consists of four
principal components, namely :
• which are the physical exergy, kinetic exergy, potential
exergy and chemical exergy respectively.
• Thus, we have
•
 EXERGY OF A SYSTEM CONT…
• where,  𝐸 𝑝h = ( 𝑈 − 𝑈 0 ) − 𝑇 0 ( 𝑆 − 𝑆0 ) + 𝑃 0 ( 𝑉 − 𝑉 0 )

 𝐸 𝑃𝑜 = 𝑔 ( 𝑍 − 𝑍 0 )
2
  𝐶
𝑘𝑖
𝐸 =
2𝑔
𝑐h
𝐸 =∑ ( 𝜇 𝑐 − 𝜇 0 ) 𝑁 𝑐
 

𝐶
The physical exergy can be expressed on a unit of mass basis as:
 

 𝑒 𝑝h = ( 𝑢 − 𝑢 0 ) − 𝑇 0 ( 𝑠 − 𝑠 0 )+ 𝑃 0 ( 𝑣 − 𝑣0 )
EXERGY OF A SYSTEM CONT…
• The general exergy equation is often used under conditions where
gravitational and momentum terms can be neglected. In this case the
equation reduces to:

 𝑒= 𝑒 𝑝h = ( 𝑢− 𝑢0 ) − 𝑇 0 ( 𝑠 − 𝑠 0 ) + 𝑃 0 ( 𝑣 − 𝑣 0 )

 ¿ ( h − h 0 ) − 𝑇 0 ( 𝑠 − 𝑠 0)
EXERGY OF A SYSTEM CONT…
• When the physical exergy is zero, then:

 Δ 𝑈 0=𝑇 0 ∆ 𝑆0 − 𝑃 0 ∆ 𝑉 0

• When a system is not in equilibrium with its environment, then it has

some quantity of exergy. Thus, exergy is obtained as a system passes
from a known state to an equilibrium condition with the environment
known as the dead or zero state.
EXERGY ANALYSIS
• The application of the exergy method requires the extensive use of
entropy which can be obtained from tables for various materials. It
can also be calculated from the expression:
 

OR

• The exergy method of analysis is based on evaluating the work that

is available at various points in a system.
EXERGY ANALYSIS
• There are two approaches to evaluating available work in a system,
namely:
• one for designing new systems and
• one for evaluating existing systems.
EXERGY ANALYSIS cont…
• The available work at any given point in a system is given by
equation:

• For a given process the change in available work from point 1 to point
2 is
EXERGY ANALYSIS cont…
• If no useful work is done in the process, then this change is a loss in
available work.
• It is important to note that the exergy of a system is either positive or
zero, never negative.
• Recall by definition exergy is the maximum theoretical useful work
obtained from a system, hence it must be either positive or zero.
EXERGY ANALYSIS cont…
• The design of a new system is performed by evaluating the losses in
work associated with each process, equipment designs and operating
procedures to be used in the system to provide the final product.
• For example, throttling of steam from 5 bar and 400oC to 2 bar in an
environment of 25oC will result in no change in enthalpy but a loss in
available work:

Throttling process
EXERGY ANALYSIS cont…
• Loss in available work will be,
EXERGY ANALYSIS cont…
• If the same process is performed with the steam at 300oC, there is still
no change in the enthalpy loss but the loss in available work is now
given by:
• Therefore in a heat balance analysis it will make no difference if the
throttled steam is at 400oC or 300oC, but the exergy analysis shows
that the loss in available work in the 400oC steam is 8% greater than
the loss in 300oC steam
• A true measure of the plant efficiency is based on available work
principle:
EXERGY CHANGE
•  Closed system can attain new states by various means
• Energy at initial state – Exergy at final state
CLOSED SYSTEM EXERGY BALANCE
• Like energy, exergy can be transferred across the boundary of a closed
system.
• The change in exergy of the system during the process would not be
equal the net exergy transferred because exergy would be destroyed if
irreversabilities were present within the system during the process.
CLOSED SYSTEM EXERGY BALANCE
•  Closed system exergy balance is expressed as;

  𝑬𝒒   𝑬𝒘   𝑬𝒅
Exergy transfer Exergy Destruction
accompanying transfer of exergy
heat transfer accompanying
work
CLOSED SYSTEM EXERGY RATE BALANCE
•  Closed system exergy balance

• Time rate of exergy

• Time rate of exergy transfer accompanying heat transfer
• Time rate of energy transfer by work
• The rate of the system volume
• Time rate of exergy destruction due to irreversibilities
• At steady state,
STEADY STATE EXERGY RATE BALANCE
• 
• Time rate of exergy transfer accompanying heat transfer
Exergy destruction and loss
• Exergy balance can be applied to determine locations, types and
true magnitudes of energy resources
• Example
EXERGY RATE BALANCE FOR CONTROL
SYSTEMS AT STEADY STATE
•  Exergy transfers at inlet and exits:

• At steady state:

• Hence
• 0
• Where:
• =exergy per unit of mass entering the inlet i
• =exergy per unit of mass exiting at exit e
 EXERGY RATE BALANCE FOR CONTROL
SYSTEMS AT STEADY STATE
• 

•0
• Single inlet and outlet

• If there is single inlet and single outlet:

 EXERGY DESTRUCTION IN CONTROL SYSTEMS
AT STEADY STATE
• Use of mass, energy and exergy rate balance
• Property data critical in solving exergy problems
 EXERGY DESTRUCTION IN CONTROL SYSTEMS
AT STEADY STATE…EXAMPLE
•  Superheated water vapor enters a valve at 3.0 MPa, 320°C and exists
at a pressure of 0.5MPa. The expansion is a throttling process.
Determine the exergy destruction per unit of mass flowing in kJ/kg.
Let =25°C,=1 bar
 EXERGY ACCOUNTING IN CONTROL SYSTEMS
AT STEADY STATE
• A control volume can be used to evaluate the various terms to show
locations ,types and true magnitudes of inefficiency and loss.
 EXERGY ACCOUNTING IN CONTROL SYSTEMS
AT STEADY STATE….EXAMPLE
•• Steam enters a turbine with a pressure of 30bar, a temperature of 400°C, and a velocity of 160m/s. Saturated
 vapor at 100°C exits with a velocity of 100m/s. At steady state, the turbine develops work equal to 540KJ/kg
of steam flowing through the turbine. Heat transfer between the turbine an its surroundings occurs at an
average outer surface temperature of 350K.Develop a full accounting of the net exergy carried in by the
steam, in KJ per unit mass of steam flowing. Let °C, atm
 THERMOECONOMICS-EXERGY COSTING OF A
COGENERATION SYSTEM
• The design and operation of thermal systems require explicit
consideration of engineering economics.
• Exergy can be used to allocate costs to the products of a thermal
system.
• Total costs can be assigned to products i.e cost of fuel, capital costs,
operating and maintenance costs.
 THERMOECONOMICS-EXERGY COSTING OF A
COGENERATION SYSTEM
• Boiler analysis
• Fuel and air
• Feed water
• Combustion products
• High pressure steam
 
++
  is the cost rate of the respective stream(in $per hour)
accounts for the cost rate of owning and operating the boiler

C denotes the cost per unit of exergy(in $ or cents per kW.h)

…the unit cost of the high-pressure
 THERMOECONOMICS-EXERGY COSTING OF A
COGENERATION SYSTEM
• Turbine analysis
 
+
is  the cost rate associated with electricity
and are costs rates associated with the entering and
exiting steam
accounts for the cost rate of owning and operating
the turbine

Introducing turbine efficiency

THERMOECONOMICS-EXERGY COSTING OF A COGENERATION SYSTEM…
EXAMPLE
• 
• A cogeneration system consists of a natural gas-fueled boiler and a steam turbine that develops power and provides steam for
an industrial process. At steady state, fuel enters the boiler with an exergy rate of 100MW. Steam exits the boiler at 50
bar,466°C with an exergy rate of 35MW. Steam exits the turbine at 5 bar, 205°C and a mass flow rate of 26.15 kg/s. The unit
cost of the fuel is 1.44 cents per KW.h of exergy. The costs of owning and operating the boiler and the turbine are,
respectively,$1080/h and $92/h. The feedwater and combustion air enter with negligible exergy and cost. Expenses related to
proper disposal of the combustion products are included with the cost of owning and operating the boiler. Heat transfer with
the surroundings and the effects of motion and gravity are negligible. Let =298K.
• For the turbine, determine the power and the rate of exergy exits with the steam, each in MW
• Determine the unit costs of the steam exiting the boiler, the steam exiting the turbine, and the power, each in cents per
kW.h of exergy
• Determine the cost rates of the steam exiting the turbine and the power, each in $/h