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What is Science?
The goal of science is to investigate
and understand the natural world, to
explain events in the natural world, and
to use those explanations to make
useful predictions.

1. Science deals only

with the natural world.
3. Scientists propose
2. Scientists: explanations that can
___________
collect and organize be ______
tested by
information in a careful, examining evidence.
orderly way, looking for
patterns and connections
between events. 4. Science is an organized way
of using evidence to learn about
the natural world. Page 2
 How is Science Done?

Science begins with

observation
an ___________.

This is the process of

gathering information
about events or
processes in a careful,
orderly way.
Data is the information gathered from making
observations. Page 3
There are two types of data:
Quantitative data are: numbers and are
obtained by counting
or measuring.

Qualitative data are:

descriptions
and involve
characteristics
that cannot be
counted.
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 es is
pot h
Hy

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Scientific Methods
The scientific method is:
A series of steps used by scientists to
solve a problem or answer a question.

The Steps to the Scientific Method

1.Observation / Asking a Question
2.Form a Hypothesis
3.Design a Controlled Experiment
4.Record and Analyze Results
5.Draw Conclusions

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 Step 1: Step 2: Form a Hypothesis
Observation / Asking a
Question
Hypothesis
A problem or a question A possible
must first be identified. explanation to the
question or problem.
It is simply a prediction and has
not yet been proven or disproven.
It must be stated in a
How much water can a root way that is testable.
hair absorb? A statement is
considered “testable”
Why does a plant stem bend
if evidence can be
toward the light?
collected that either
What effect does does or does not
temperature have on heart support it.
rate? Page 7
 Step 3: Designing a Controlled
Experiment
1. The factors in an experiment that can be changed are called
variables. Some example of variables would be: changing the
temperature, the amount of light present, time, concentration of
solutions used.
2. A controlled experiment works with one variable at a time. If
several variables were changed at the same time, the scientist
would not know which variable was responsible for the observed
results.

3. In a “controlled experiment” only one variable is changed at a time. All other variables should be
unchanged or “controlled”.

4. An experiment is based on the comparison between a ____________

control group with an
experimental group
________________.
a) These two groups are identical except for one factor.
b) The control group serves as the comparison. It is the same as
the experiment group, except that the one variable that is
being tested is removed.
c) The experimental group shows the effect of the variable that is
being tested.
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 Example: In order to test the
effectiveness of a new vaccine, 50
volunteers are selected and divided
into two groups. One group will be
the control group and the other will be
the experimental group. Both groups
are given a pill to take that is identical
in size, shape, color and texture.

Even though the volunteers are given

Describe the control group. identical looking pills, the control group will
not actually receive the vaccine.
 
Describe the experimental group. This group will receive the vaccine.
 
What variables are kept constant? The size, shape, color, and texture
  of the pill.
What variable is being changed? Whether or not the pill contains the
vaccine.
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 There are two variables in an experiment:
c) In the above
a) The independent example, what is the
variable is the independent
variable that is variable?
deliberately It is the addition of the
changed by the vaccine to the pills
scientist. that were given to the
volunteers.
b) The dependent variable is the d) In the above
one observed during the example, what is
experiment. The dependent the dependent
variable is the data we collect variable?
during the experiment. This
data is collected as a result of The observed
changing the independent health of the people
variable. receiving the pills.
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Step 4: Recording and Analyzing Results
1. The data that has been collected must be
organized and analyzed to determine whether
the data are reliable.

2. Does the
data support
or not
support the
hypothesis?

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 Step 5: Drawing Conclusions
The evidence from the experiment is used to
determine if the hypothesis is proven or disproven.

Experiments must be
repeated over and
over. When repeated,
the results should
always be the same
before a valid
conclusion can be
reached.

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 Forming a Theory
A theory may
be formed Theory:
after the A broad and
hypothesis comprehensive
has been statement of
tested many what is thought
times and is to be true.
supported by
much A theory is
evidence. supported by
considerable
evidence.
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You want to determine the effects
of a certain fertilizer on the
growth of orchids grown in a
greenhouse. Materials that are
available to you include:
greenhouse, 100 orchid plants, State your hypothesis:
water, fertilizer, and soil. You
want to know if the orchids will Possible answer:
grow best with a weak
concentration of fertilizer, a
medium concentration of I predict that the
fertilizer, or a high concentration orchids will grow best
of fertilizer. How will you design with a medium
an experiment to test different concentration of
concentrations of this fertilizer?
fertilizer.
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Here is one possibility:

The 100 plants will be

divided into 4 groups as follows:
 
  Group 1: 25 plants will receive plain water.

Group 2: 25 plants will receive a weak

concentration of fertilizer. The plants will be
watered daily.
Over a period of a
Group 3: 25 plants will receive a medium
month, the plants
concentration of fertilizer.
will be measured
to see which ones
Group 4: 25 plants will receive a high grew the tallest.
concentration of fertilizer.
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 Control Group Experimental Group
What is the control
group in this
experiment?
The control group
consists of the 25 plants
that are receiving plain What is the experimental
water. group in this experiment?
The experimental group
consists of the 75 plants
that are receiving various
concentrations of
fertilizer.
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In a “controlled experiment”, all variables must be kept constant except
the one variable that is being changed.

What variables must be kept

constant in this experiment?

All plants must receive the same amount of

fluid each day.
All plants are grown in pots of equal size.
All plants are grown at the same temperature.
All plants receive the same amount of sunlight.

What variable is being changed in this experiment?

The variable being changed is the amount of fertilizer
received by each group of plants.
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 Group 1 (Control Group): Grew to an average height of 15 cm.

Group 2 (Weak conc.): Grew to an average height of 35 cm.

Group 3 (Medium conc.): Grew to an average height of 28 cm.

Group 4 (High conc.): Grew to an average height of 10 cm.

Is your hypothesis supported or disproved by

these results?
We hypothesized that the orchids would grow
best with a medium concentration of fertilizer.
The results do not support this.
The results disprove our hypothesis.
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 Group 1 (Control Group): Grew to an average height of 15 cm.

Group 2 (Weak conc.): Grew to an average height of 35 cm.

Group 3 (Medium conc.): Grew to an average height of 28 cm.

Group 4 (High conc.): Grew to an average height of 10 cm.

What is your conclusion based on these

results?
Orchids grow best with a weak
concentration of fertilizer.
At medium to high concentrations, plant
growth is inhibited.
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 Analysis Questions

Why is it important to have a large sample

size in any experiment?
It is important to test a large
sample in order to get a true picture
of the results of the experiment. If
the sample size is too small, an
inaccurate conclusion may be
reached. Results obtained by
testing a large number of
individuals would be much more
accurate than if only a few
individuals had been tested.
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 Analysis Questions

Why is it important to repeat the

experiment many times?
Experiments should be
repeated to see if the
same results are
obtained each time. This
gives validity to the test
results.

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 Analysis Questions

What is the importance of the control?

The control shows what will

happen when the
experimental factor is omitted.
Without the control, there
would be no basis for
comparison and you would
not know how the
experimental factor affected
the results.
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 Analysis Questions

How is a theory different than a

hypothesis?

A hypothesis is an “educated
guess” that is testable through
observations and experimentation.
A theory is a broad statement of
what is believed to be true based
on many experiments and
considerable amounts of data.

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 Analysis Questions

Why is it so important that a scientist

accurately describes the procedure
used in the experiment?

It allows other scientists to

repeat the experiment and verify
the results.

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 Analysis Questions

What is the difference between the

independent and the dependent
variables in an experiment?

The independent variable is the

variable that is deliberately changed
by the scientist. The dependent
variable is the one observed during
the experiment. The dependent
variable is the data we collect during
the experiment.
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 Analysis Questions

In a “controlled experiment”, why must

all of the variables, except one, be kept
constant throughout the experiment?

If several variables were

changed at the same time, the
scientist would not know which
variable was responsible for the
observed results.

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