COURSEBOOK 2

FUNCTIONS
AND GRAPHS
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UNIT 1

FUNCTIONS
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 Functions
Definition:

A function f , is a rule that assigns to each

element of a set D a unique (only one) element
of a set R.

In other words, function is a rule (equation)

which assigns to every x-value exactly one y
value.

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 y
Vertical Line test:
f ( x)

Vertical line crosses at one place on the graph.

i.e. for one x-value there is only one y-value

 f ( x ) is a function
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 y

f ( x)

Vertical line crosses at 2 places on the graph.

i.e. for one x-value there is two y-values
 f ( x ) is not a function
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 Domain and Range
Domain: All the values that go into a function

The output values are called the Range.

Domain → Function → Range

D R
f
x f ( xy)

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 Example:
Let function f(x) = x2 is given,
with the values x = {1,2,3,...}, then {1,2,3,...} is
the domain. Then what will be the range?

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 In terms of graph:

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 Domain of Functions
a. Given with the function
f ( x )  2 x  3, x  1, x  R
Domain: x  1, x  R
b. Observing the function

y  3x
Domain: x  R
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 Domain and Range:
A: Polynomial (Linear/ quadratic/ cubic)
n 1 n2
f ( x)  a0 x  aa x
n
 a2 x  ....  an 1 x  an

i. Linear Functions:

Domain: x  R
Range: y  R

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 ii. Quadratic:

Domain: x  R
Range: depends on the function and the domian

Example:
y  x  2
2

observation:
y values will always be real no.s that are greater than
or equal to - 2
y  2, y  R
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 Graphically:
y y  x 2
 2


2

Range: y   2, y  R

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 iii.Cubic:

Domain: x  R Range: y  R
Example: y  x 3  4 x

Domain: x  R
Range: y  R y y  x3  4x

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B: Square Root

f ( x)  a1 a2 x  a3  a4
where a1 , a2 , a3 , a4 are real numbers

a. Domain:
Expression inside the square root sign must be
greater than or equal to zero.

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 f ( x)  a1 a2 x  a3  a4

Domain: a2 x  a3  0

a2 x   a3
a3
x   , x  R
a2
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b. Range of Square Root:

To find range, you can either sketch or use the

domain x value to substitute in the function and get
corresponding y value.

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Example 1: Find Domain and Range of f ( x)  x
Domain: x  0, x  R
Range:
y

y  0, y  R
0
x

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 Example 2: f ( x)  x  2

x  2  0
Domain: x  2 , x  R
Range:
y OR y  x  2
y  2  2
y  0
x
2
y  0, y  R 18
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Example 3: f ( x )  4x  5  1

Domain: 4x  5  0
4x   5
5
x   , x 
4
R
Range:
y
4
3

2 1
x y   1, y  R
1

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C: Rational Functions
ax  b a
i) h ( x )  ii ) h ( x )  c
cx  d x  b
Defined only if denominator  0
a. Domain denominator  0, x  R

i ) cx  d  0 ii ) x  b  0
cx d x b
d
x  
c
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b. Range for Rational Function:
ax  b a
i) h ( x )  ii ) h ( x )  c
cx  d x  b
y
y
a
c
c

x
x

Coefficient of x’s

a y  R y  c, y  R
y  ,
c
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Example 1: 3x  1
h( x) 
4x  2
Domain: 4x  2  0
4x  2
1
x  x  R
2
Range:

3
y  , y  R
4
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Example 2: 3
h( x)  1
x  2
Domain:
x  2  0
x  2, x  R
Range:

y  1, y  R

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UNIT 2
CONSTRUCTION OF
FUNCTIONS

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 Addition, subtraction and Multiplication of
two Functions
a. Addition, subtraction

f ( x)  x 2 g ( x)  x  1

dg : x  1 , x  R
df : x  R
Adding:
( f  g )( x )  x 2
 x  1
Domain of ( f  g )( x ) : d f  d g
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Domain of f ( x ) Intersection Domain of g ( x )

x R  x  1,x  R

x 1

1 xR

Domain of ( f  g )( x)  x  1 , x  R

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 b. Multiplication

f ( x)  x 2 g ( x)  x  1

df : x  R dg : x  1 , x  R

Multiplying:
( f  g )( x )  x 2 x  1

Domain of ( fg )( x) : d f  d g

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Domain of f ( x ) Intersection Domain of g ( x )

x  R  x  1, x  R

Domain of ( fg )( x)  x  1 , x  R

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Therefore, for Subtraction of 2 functions, domain is
found in the same way as for addition and
multiplication.
Hence, Domain for ( f  g )( x ); ( f  g )( x );
and ( f  g )( x )
is to find the intersection of domain of f and g .

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