Bolt

BOLTED CONNECTIONS
1
CONTENTS
• Introduction
• Bolted Connections
• Bolts and Bolting
• Force Transfer Mechanism
• Failure of Connections
In shear
In tension
Combined shear and tension
Block shear
2
INTRODUCTION
• Designed more conservatively than members because they are more
complex to analyse and discrepancy between analysis and design is
large
• In case of overloading, failure in member is preferred to failure in

connection
• Connections account for more than half the cost of structural steel
work
• Connection design has influence over member design
• Similar to members, connections are also classified as idealised types
Effected through rivets, bolts or weld
• Codal Provisions
3
TYPES OF CONNECTIONS -!
Classification based on type of force in the bolts

Single
shear
Double
shear
a) Lap Connection b) Butt Connection
Shear Connections
support
(b)
(a)
Tension Connection and Tension plus Shear Connection

4
BOLTS AND BOLTING
Bolt Grade: Grade 4.6 :- fu = 400 N/mm2 and fy = 0.6*400 = 240 N/mm2
Bolt Types: Black, Turned & Fitted, High Strength Friction Grip
Black Bolts:
usually Gr.4.6,
made snug tight,
ductile and cheap,
only static loads
Turned & Fitted;
Gr.4.6 to 8.8,
Close tolerance drilled holes,
0.2% proof stress
HSFG Bolts:
Gr.8.8 to 10.9,
less ductile,
excellent under dynamic/fatigue loads
5
FORCE TRANSFER MECHANISM
(a) Bearing Connection
T
Bearing stresses
(b) Friction Connection
T
Tension
Frictional Force T in bolt
Clamping Force, PO
T
Clamping Force, PO
Bolt Shear Transfer – Free Body Diagram
6
TIGHTENING OF HSFG BOLTS
1) Turn-of-nut Tightening
2) Calibrated Wrench Tightening
3) Alternate Design Bolt Installation
4) Direct Tension Indicator Method
(a) Standard (b) Oversized
(c )Short Slot (d) Long slot
Hole types for HSFG bolts
7
FAILURE OF CONNECTIONS
Shear Connections with Bearing Bolts
(a) Shearing of Bolts

Ps = ps As where As = 0.78A
(b) Bearing on Bolts
Pbb = pbb d t
Zone of
(c) Bearing on Plates plastification
Pbs = pbs d t  ½ e t pbs
8
Bearing Type Bolts
Shear capacity of bolt

fu
Vsb   nn Anb  ns Asb  / mb
3
Reduction factor in shear for Long Joints
βlj  1.075 - (l j /200d)
but 0.75  βlj  1.0
Reduction factor in shear for Large Grip Lengths
lg = 8 d /(3 d+lg)

Reduction factor for Packing Plates
pk = (1 - 0.0125 tpk)
9
Bearing Type Bolts
Bearing Capacity of bolt on any ply
Vsb = (2.5 d t fu )/ γmb
Tension Capacity
Tb =(0.90 fub An)/ γmb < (fyb Asb (γm1 / γm0))/ γmb
Bolt subjected to combined shear and tension

2 2
 V   T 
   e   1.0
V  T 
 sd   nd 
10
FAILURE OF CONNECTIONS-1
Shear Connections with HSFG Bolts
(a) Slip Resistance

Vsf = (µf ne Kh Fo)/ γmf
Kh =1.0 (clearance hole)

 = 0.45 (untreated surfaces)
Fo= proof load
(b) Bearing on Plates

Vbf = (2.2 d t fup ) / γmf < (3 d t fyp)/ / γmf
11
Friction Grip Type Bolting
Slip resistance
Vsf = (µf ne Kh Fo)/ γmf
Where,
µf = coeff. of friction (slip factor) as in Table 10.2 (µf < 0.55)
ne = number of effective interfaces offering frictional resistance to slip
Kh = 1.0 for fasteners in clearance holes
= 0.85 for fasteners in oversized and short slotted holes
= 0.7 for fasteners in long slotted holes loaded parallel to the slot.
γmf = 1.10 (if slip resistance is designed at service load)

γmf = 1.25 (if slip resistance is designed at ultimate load)
Fo = minimum bolt tension (proof load) at installation ( 0.8 Asb fo)

Asb = shank area of the bolt
fo = proof stress (= 0.70 fub)
Note: Vns may be evaluated at a service load or ultimate load using

appropriate partial safety factors, depending upon whether slip resistance
12
is required at service load or ultimate load.
TYPICAL AVERAGE VALUES FOR COEFFICIENT OF
FRICTION (µf)
Coefficient
Treatment of surface of friction
(µf)
Clean mill scale 0.33
Sand blasted surface 0.48
Red lead painted surface 0.1
13
BOLTS UNDER TENSION AND PRYING EFFECT
2T
Bearing type 2T (b) HSFG
connection Connection
To To To+T To+T
T T
2T
Bolt
force HSFG
B b
B kN n
Proof Load Bearing A
Po type
Q Q
Applied load 2T (kN) T+Q T+Q
( c) External Tension (d) Prying Effect
versus bolt force
14
Friction Grip Type Bolting
Prying Force
   f b t 4
l  o e 
Q v T 
2l  e 2 
e 27 l l 
 e v 

 = 2 for non-pretensioned and 1 for pretensioned
 = 1.5 for LSM
be = effective width of flange per pair of bolts
15
DESIGN STRENGTHS FOR BOLTED CONNECTIONS
Table 1 Bolt Strengths in Clearance Holes in MPa
Bolt strengths Bolt grade

4.6 8.8
Shear strength ps 160 375
Bearing strength pbb 435 970
Tension strength pt 195 450
Table 2 Bearing Strengths of Connected Parts in MPa
Steel grade ST42S Gr.43 Gr.50

Bearing bolts pbs 418 460 550
HSFG bolts pbg 650 825 1065
16
Stresses due to Individual forces
P
fa or q =
t t lw
Combination of stresses
Fillet welds
fu
fe  f a2  3q 2 
3  mw
Combined bearing, bending and shear
2 2
f = f +f + f f + 3q 2
e b br b br
17
GENERAL ISSUES IN CONNECTION DESIGN
Assumptions in traditional analysis
• Connection elements are assumed to

be rigid compared to the connectors T
• Connector behaviour is assumed to V d
be linearly elastic V
C e
• Distribution of forces arrived at by
assuming idealized load paths M = Td
• Provide stiffness according to the
assumed behaviour (a) (b)
• ensure adequate ductility and rotation
capacity Standard Connections (a) moment
• provide adequate margin of safety connection (b) simple connection
18
CONTENTS -1
• Analysis of Bolt Groups

– Combined Shear and Moment in-Plane
– Combined Shear and Moment out-of-plane
• Beam and Column Splices
• Beam to Column Connections
• Beam to Beam Connections
• Truss Connections
• Fatigue Behaviour
19
TYPES OF CONNECTIONS
Classification based on type of resultant force transferred
(a) (b)
Concentric Connections
(a) (b)
Moment Connections
20
BEAM AND COLUMN SPLICE
Strength, stiffness and ease in erection
Assumptions in
(a)Conventional Rolled-section
Splice & Plate Girders
(b) End-Plate
Splice
Bolted Beam Splice

Column Splices – bearing type or HSFG moment splices
21
BEAM-TO-COLUMN CONNECTIONS
(a) Simple – transfer only shear at nominal eccentricity

Used in non-sway frames with bracings etc.
Used in frames upto 5 storeys
(b) Semi-rigid – model actual behaviour but make analysis

difficult (linear springs or Adv.Analysis). However lead
to economy in member designs.
(c) Rigid – transfer significant end-moments undergoing

negligible deformations. Used in sway frames for
stability and contribute in resisting lateral loads and
help control sway.
22
e
(a) (b) (c)
V
Simple beam-to-column connections a) Clip and seating angle

b) Web cleats c) Curtailed end plate
(a) Economical when automatic saw and drill lines are available
Check end bearing and stiffness of seating angle
Clip angle used for torsional stability
(b) If depth of cleats < 0.6d design bolts for shear only
(c) Eliminates need to drill holes in the beam. Limit depth and thickness
t < /2 (Gr.8.8) and /3 (Gr.4.6)
23
column
web diagonal web
stiffeners stiffener plate
(a) (b) (c)
Rigid beam-to-column connections a) Short end plate

b) Extended end plate c) Haunched
24
TRUSS CONNECTIONS
Splice
plate
Gusset e
Plate
Gusset
Plate
support
(a) Apex Connection (b) Support connection

Truss Connections
25
Thank You
26

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BOLTED CONNECTIONS

• In case of overloading, failure in member is preferred to failure in

• Connection design has influence over member design

• Similar to members, connections are also classified as idealised types

Effected through rivets, bolts or weld

Classification based on type of force in the bolts

Tension Connection and Tension plus Shear Connection

(b) Friction Connection

Bolt Shear Transfer – Free Body Diagram

(a) Standard (b) Oversized

(c )Short Slot (d) Long slot

Hole types for HSFG bolts

(a) Shearing of Bolts

(b) Bearing on Bolts

Pbs = pbs d t  ½ e t pbs

Shear capacity of bolt

lg = 8 d /(3 d+lg)

pk = (1 - 0.0125 tpk)

Bearing Capacity of bolt on any ply

Vsb = (2.5 d t fu )/ γmb

Bolt subjected to combined shear and tension

Shear Connections with HSFG Bolts

(a) Slip Resistance

Kh =1.0 (clearance hole)

(b) Bearing on Plates

γmf = 1.10 (if slip resistance is designed at service load)

Fo = minimum bolt tension (proof load) at installation ( 0.8 Asb fo)

Note: Vns may be evaluated at a service load or ultimate load using

Sand blasted surface 0.48

Red lead painted surface 0.1

Bolt strengths Bolt grade

Table 2 Bearing Strengths of Connected Parts in MPa

Steel grade ST42S Gr.43 Gr.50

Combined bearing, bending and shear

Assumptions in traditional analysis

• Connection elements are assumed to

• Analysis of Bolt Groups

Bolted Beam Splice

(a) Simple – transfer only shear at nominal eccentricity

(b) Semi-rigid – model actual behaviour but make analysis

(c) Rigid – transfer significant end-moments undergoing

Simple beam-to-column connections a) Clip and seating angle

(a) (b) (c)

Rigid beam-to-column connections a) Short end plate

(a) Apex Connection (b) Support connection

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