UNIT-1 Introduction

Lecture-1 Motivation: Why data mining?

Lecture-2 What is data mining?
Lecture-3 Data Mining: On what kind of
data?
Lecture-4 Data mining functionality
Lecture-5 Classification of data mining
systems
Lecture-6 Major issues in data mining
 Unit-1 Data warehouse and OLAP

Lecture-7 What is a data warehouse?

Lecture-8 A multi-dimensional data model

Lecture-9 Data warehouse architecture

Lecture-10&11 Data warehouse implementation

Lecture-12 From data warehousing to data mining

 Lecture-1
Motivation: Why data mining?
Evolution of Database Technology

1960s and earlier:

Data Collection and Database Creation
 Primitive file processing

Lecture-1 Motivation
 Evolution of Database Technology

1970s - early 1980s:

Data Base Management Systems
 Hieratical and network database systems
 Relational database Systems
 Query languages: SQL
 Transactions, concurrency control and
recovery.
 On-line transaction processing (OLTP)

Lecture-1 Motivation
 Evolution of Database Technology

Mid -1980s - present:

 Advanced data models
Extended relational, object-relational
 Advanced application-oriented DBMS
spatial, scientific, engineering, temporal,
multimedia, active, stream and sensor, knowledge-
based

Lecture-1 Motivation
 Evolution of Database Technology

Late 1980s-present
 Advanced Data Analysis
Data warehouse and OLAP
Data mining and knowledge discovery
Advanced data mining appliations
Data mining and socity

1990s-present:
 XML-based database systems
 Integration with information retrieval
 Data and information integreation

Lecture-1 Motivation
 Evolution of Database Technology

Present – future:
 New generation of integrated data and
information system.

Lecture-1 Motivation
 Lecture-2
What Is Data Mining?
 What Is Data Mining?

Data mining refers to extracting or mining

knowledge from large amounts of data.
Mining of gold from rocks or sand
Knowledge mining from data, knowledge
extraction, data/pattern analysis, data
archeology, and data dreding.
Knowledge Discovery from data, or KDD

Lecture-2 What is Data Mining?

 Data Mining: A KDD Process

Pattern Evaluation
 Data mining: the core of
knowledge discovery process.
Data Mining

Task-relevant Data

Data Selection
Warehouse
Data Cleaning

Data Integration

Databases Lecture-2 What is Data Mining?

 Steps of a KDD Process
1. Data cleaning
2. Data integration
3. Data selection
4. Data transformation
5. Data mining
6. Pattern evaluation
7. Knowledge presentaion

Lecture-2 What is Data Mining?

Steps of a KDD Process
Learning the application domain:
 relevant prior knowledge and goals of

application
Creating a target data set: data selection
Data cleaning and preprocessing
Data reduction and transformation:
 Find useful features,

dimensionality/variable reduction, invariant

representation.

Lecture-2 What is Data Mining?

 Steps of a KDD Process
Choosing functions of data mining
 summarization, classification, regression,
association, clustering.
Choosing the mining algorithms
Data mining: search for patterns of interest
Pattern evaluation and knowledge presentation
 visualization, transformation, removing redundant
patterns, etc.
Use of discovered knowledge

Lecture-2 What is Data Mining?

Architecture of a Typical Data
Mining System
Graphical user interface

Pattern evaluation

Data mining engine

Knowledge-base
Database or data
warehouse server
Data cleaning & data integration Filtering

Data
Databases Warehouse
Lecture-2 What is Data Mining?
 Data Mining and Business
Intelligence
Increasing potential
to support
business decisions End User
Making
Decisions

Data Presentation Business

Analyst
Visualization Techniques
Data Mining Data
Information Discovery Analyst

Data Exploration
Statistical Analysis, Querying and Reporting

Data Warehouses / Data Marts

OLAP, MDA DBA
Data Sources
Paper, Files, Information Providers, Database Systems, OLTP
Lecture-2 What is Data Mining?
 Lecture-3
Data Mining: On What Kind of
Data?
Data Mining: On What Kind of Data?

Relational databases
Data warehouses
Transactional databases

Lecture-3 Data Mining: On What kind of

data?
Data Mining: On What Kind of Data?

Advanced DB and information repositories

 Object-oriented and object-relational
databases
 Spatial databases
 Time-series data and temporal data
 Text databases and multimedia databases
 Heterogeneous and legacy databases
 WWW

Lecture-3 Data Mining: On What kind of

data?
 Lecture-4
Data Mining Functionalities
 Data Mining Functionalities

Concept description: Characterization and

discrimination
 Data can be associated with classes or concepts
 Ex. AllElectronics store classes of items for sale
include computer and printers.
 Description of class or concept called class/concept
description.
 Data characterization
 Data discrimination

Lecture-4 Data Mining Funcionalities

 Data Mining Functionalities
Mining Frequent Patterns, Associations,
and Correlations
Frequent patters- patterns occurs frequently
Item sets, subsequences and substructures
Frequent item set
Sequential patterns
Structured patterns

Lecture-4 Data Mining Funcionalities

 Data Mining Functionalities
Association Analysis
 Multi-dimensional vs. single-dimensional
association
 age(X, “20..29”) ^ income(X, “20..29K”) =>
buys(X, “PC”) [support = 2%, confidence =
60%]
 contains(T, “computer”) => contains(x,
“software”) [support=1%, confidence=75%]

Lecture-4 Data Mining Funcionalities

 Data Mining Functionalities
Classification and Prediction
 Finding models (functions) that describe and
distinguish data classes or concepts for
predict the class whose label is unknown
 E.g., classify countries based on climate, or
classify cars based on gas mileage
 Models: decision-tree, classification rules (if-
then), neural network

Prediction: Predict some unknown or
missing numerical values
Lecture-4 Data Mining Funcionalities
 Data Mining Functionalities

Cluster analysis
 Analyze class-labeled data objects, clustering
analyze data objects without consulting a
known class label.
 Clustering based on the principle: maximizing
the intra-class similarity and minimizing the
interclass similarity

Lecture-4 Data Mining Funcionalities

 Data Mining Functionalities
Outlier analysis
 Outlier: a data object that does not comply with the general
behavior of the model of the data
 It can be considered as noise or exception but is quite useful in
fraud detection, rare events analysis

Trend and evolution analysis

 Trend and deviation: regression analysis
 Sequential pattern mining, periodicity analysis
 Similarity-based analysis

Lecture-4 Data Mining Funcionalities

 Lecture-5
Data Mining: Classification
Schemes
 Data Mining: Confluence of
Multiple Disciplines
Database
Statistics
Technology

Information
Science Data Mining MachineLearning

Visualization Other
Disciplines
Data Mining: Classification Schemes

General functionality
 Descriptive data mining
 Predictive data mining

Data mining various criteria's:

 Kinds of databases to be mined
 Kinds of knowledge to be discovered
 Kinds of techniques utilized
 Kinds of applications adapted
Data Mining: Classification Schemes
Databases to be mined
 Relational, transactional, object-oriented, object-

relational, active, spatial, time-series, text, multi-

media, heterogeneous, legacy, WWW, etc.
Knowledge to be mined
 Characterization, discrimination, association,

classification, clustering, trend, deviation and outlier

analysis, etc.
 Multiple/integrated functions and mining at multiple

levels
analysis, Web mining, Weblog analysis, etc.
Data Mining: Classification Schemes

Techniques utilized
 Database-oriented, data warehouse

(OLAP), machine learning, statistics,

visualization, neural network, etc.
Applications adapted
 Retail, telecommunication, banking,

fraud analysis, DNA mining, stock

market
 Lecture-6
Major Issues in Data Mining
 Major Issues in Data Mining

Mining methodology and user interaction issues

 Mining different kinds of knowledge in databases
 Interactive mining of knowledge at multiple levels of
abstraction
 Incorporation of background knowledge
 Data mining query languages and ad-hoc data mining
 Expression and visualization of data mining results
 Handling noise and incomplete data
 Pattern evaluation: the interestingness problem
 Major Issues in Data Mining
Performance issues

 Efficiency and scalability of data mining

algorithms
 Parallel, distributed and incremental mining
methods
 Major Issues in Data Mining

Issues relating to the diversity of data types

 Handling relational and complex types of data

 Mining information from heterogeneous

databases and global information systems
(WWW)
 Lecture-7

What is Data Warehouse?

 What is Data Warehouse?
Defined in many different ways
 A decision support database that is maintained

separately from the organization’s operational database

 Support information processing by providing a solid

platform of consolidated, historical data for analysis.

“A data warehouse is a subject-oriented, integrated, time-

variant, and nonvolatile collection of data in support of
management’s decision-making process.”—W. H. Inmon

Data warehousing:
 The process of constructing and using data warehouses
 Data Warehouse—Subject-
Oriented
Organized around major subjects, such as customer,
product, sales.
Focusing on the modeling and analysis of data for
decision makers, not on daily operations or transaction
processing.
Provide a simple and concise view around particular
subject issues by excluding data that are not useful in the
decision support process.
 Data Warehouse—Integrated
Constructed by integrating multiple,
heterogeneous data sources
 relational databases, flat files, on-line transaction
records
Data cleaning and data integration techniques
are applied.
 Ensure consistency in naming conventions,
encoding structures, attribute measures, etc. among
different data sources
E.g., Hotel price: currency, tax, breakfast covered, etc.
 When data is moved to the warehouse, it is
converted.
 Data Warehouse—Time
Variant
The time horizon for the data warehouse is
significantly longer than that of operational systems.
 Operational database: current value data.
 Data warehouse data: provide information from a
historical perspective (e.g., past 5-10 years)
Every key structure in the data warehouse
 Contains an element of time, explicitly or implicitly
 But the key of operational data may or may not contain
“time element”.
Data Warehouse—Non-Volatile
A physically separate store of data transformed
from the operational environment.
Operational update of data does not occur in the
data warehouse environment.
 Does not require transaction processing, recovery, and
concurrency control mechanisms
 Requires only two operations in data accessing:
initial loading of data and access of data.
 Data Warehouse vs. Operational
DBMS
Distinct features (OLTP vs. OLAP):
 User and system orientation: customer vs. market
 Data contents: current, detailed vs. historical,
consolidated
 Database design: ER + application vs. star + subject
 View: current, local vs. evolutionary, integrated
 Access patterns: update vs. read-only but complex
queries
 Data Warehouse vs. Operational
DBMS
OLTP (on-line transaction processing)
 Major task of traditional relational DBMS
 Day-to-day operations: purchasing, inventory, banking,
manufacturing, payroll, registration, accounting, etc.

OLAP (on-line analytical processing)

 Major task of data warehouse system
 Data analysis and decision making
 OLTP vs. OLAP
OLTP OLAP
users clerk, IT professional knowledge worker
function day to day operations decision support
DB design application-oriented subject-oriented
data current, up-to-date historical,
detailed, flat relational summarized, multidimensional
isolated integrated, consolidated
usage repetitive ad-hoc
access read/write lots of scans
index/hash on prim. key
unit of work short, simple transaction complex query
# records accessed tens millions
#users thousands hundreds
DB size 100MB-GB 100GB-TB
metric transaction throughput query throughput, response
Why Separate Data Warehouse?
High performance for both systems

 DBMS— tuned for OLTP: access methods,

indexing, concurrency control, recovery

 Warehouse—tuned for OLAP: complex OLAP

queries, multidimensional view, consolidation.
Why Separate Data Warehouse?
Different functions and different data:
 missing data: Decision support requires
historical data which operational DBs do not
typically maintain
 data consolidation: DS requires consolidation
(aggregation, summarization) of data from
heterogeneous sources
 data quality: different sources typically use
inconsistent data representations, codes and
formats which have to be reconciled
 Lecture-8

A multi-dimensional data model

 Cube: A Lattice of
Cuboids
all
0-D(apex) cuboid

time item location supplier

1-D cuboids

time,item time,location item,location location,supplier

2-D cuboids
time,supplier item,supplier

time,location,supplier
time,item,location 3-D cuboids
time,item,supplier item,location,supplier

4-D(base) cuboid
time, item, location, supplier
 Conceptual Modeling of Data
Warehouses
Modeling data warehouses: dimensions & measures
 Star schema: A fact table in the middle connected to a set
of dimension tables
 Snowflake schema: A refinement of star schema where
some dimensional hierarchy is normalized into a set of
smaller dimension tables, forming a shape similar to
snowflake
 Fact constellations: Multiple fact tables share dimension
tables, viewed as a collection of stars, therefore called
galaxy schema or fact constellation
 Example of Star Schema
time
time_key item
day item_key
day_of_the_week Sales Fact Table item_name
month brand
quarter time_key type
year supplier_type
item_key
branch_key
branch location
location_key
branch_key location_key
branch_name units_sold street
branch_type city
dollars_sold province_or_street
country
avg_sales
Measures
 Example of Snowflake
time
Schema
time_key item
day item_key supplier
day_of_the_week Sales Fact Table item_name supplier_key
month brand supplier_type
quarter time_key type
year item_key supplier_key

branch_key
location
branch location_key
location_key
branch_key
units_sold street
branch_name
city_key
branch_type city
dollars_sold
city_key
avg_sales city
Measures province_or_street
country
 Example of Fact
time
Constellation
time_key item Shipping Fact Table
day item_key
day_of_the_week Sales Fact Table item_name time_key
month brand
quarter time_key type item_key
year supplier_type shipper_key
item_key
branch_key from_location

branch location_key location to_location

branch_key location_key dollars_cost
branch_name units_sold
street
branch_type dollars_sold city units_shipped
province_or_street
avg_sales country shipper
Measures shipper_key
shipper_name
location_key
shipper_type
A Data Mining Query Language, DMQL:
Language Primitives
Cube Definition (Fact Table)
define cube <cube_name> [<dimension_list>]:
<measure_list>
Dimension Definition ( Dimension Table )
define dimension <dimension_name> as
(<attribute_or_subdimension_list>)
Special Case (Shared Dimension Tables)
 First time as “cube definition”
 define dimension <dimension_name> as
<dimension_name_first_time> in cube
<cube_name_first_time>
 Defining a Star Schema in
DMQL
define cube sales_star [time, item, branch, location]:
dollars_sold = sum(sales_in_dollars), avg_sales =
avg(sales_in_dollars), units_sold = count(*)
define dimension time as (time_key, day, day_of_week,
month, quarter, year)
define dimension item as (item_key, item_name, brand,
type, supplier_type)
define dimension branch as (branch_key, branch_name,
branch_type)
define dimension location as (location_key, street, city,
province_or_state, country)
 Defining a Snowflake Schema in DMQL

define cube sales_snowflake [time, item, branch,

location]:
dollars_sold = sum(sales_in_dollars), avg_sales =
avg(sales_in_dollars), units_sold = count(*)
define dimension time as (time_key, day,
day_of_week, month, quarter, year)
define dimension item as (item_key, item_name,
brand, type, supplier(supplier_key, supplier_type))
Defining a Snowflake Schema in DMQL

define dimension branch as (branch_key,

branch_name, branch_type)
define dimension location as (location_key,
street, city(city_key, province_or_state,
country))
Defining a Fact Constellation in DMQL
define cube sales [time, item, branch, location]:
dollars_sold = sum(sales_in_dollars), avg_sales =
avg(sales_in_dollars), units_sold = count(*)
define dimension time as (time_key, day, day_of_week, month,
quarter, year)
define dimension item as (item_key, item_name, brand, type,
supplier_type)
define dimension branch as (branch_key, branch_name,
branch_type)
define dimension location as (location_key, street, city,
province_or_state, country)
Defining a Fact Constellation in DMQL
define cube shipping [time, item, shipper, from_location,
to_location]:
dollar_cost = sum(cost_in_dollars), unit_shipped =
count(*)
define dimension time as time in cube sales
define dimension item as item in cube sales
define dimension shipper as (shipper_key, shipper_name,
location as location in cube sales, shipper_type)
define dimension from_location as location in cube sales
define dimension to_location as location in cube sales
Measures: Three Categories
distributive: if the result derived by applying the
function to n aggregate values is the same as
that derived by applying the function on all the
data without partitioning.
E.g., count(), sum(), min(), max().
algebraic: if it can be computed by an algebraic
function with M arguments (where M is a
bounded integer), each of which is obtained by
applying a distributive aggregate function.
E.g., avg(), min_N(), standard_deviation().
 Measures: Three Categories

holistic: if there is no constant bound on

the storage size needed to describe a sub
aggregate.
E.g., median(), mode(), rank().
 A Concept Hierarchy: Dimension (location)

all all

region Europe ... North_America

country Germany ... Spain Canada ... Mexico

city Frankfurt ... Vancouver ... Toronto

office L. Chan ... M. Wind

 Multidimensional Data
Sales volume as a function of product,
month, and region Dimensions: Product, Location, Time
Hierarchical summarization paths
on
gi

Industry Region Year

Re

Category Country Quarter

Product

Product City Month Week

Office Day

Month
 A Sample Data Cube
Date Total annual sales
1Qtr 2Qtr 3Qtr 4Qtr sum of TV in U.S.A.
t
uc

TV
od

PC U.S.A
Pr

VCR

Country
sum
Canada

Mexico

sum
Cuboids Corresponding to the
Cube
all
0-D(apex) cuboid
product date country
1-D cuboids

product,date product,country date, country

2-D cuboids

3-D(base) cuboid
product, date, country
 OLAP Operations

Roll up (drill-up): summarize data

 by climbing up hierarchy or by
dimension reduction
Drill down (roll down): reverse of roll-up
 from higher level summary to lower
level summary or detailed data, or
introducing new dimensions
Slice and dice:
 project and select
 OLAP Operations
Pivot (rotate):
 reorient the cube, visualization, 3D to
series of 2D planes.
Other operations
 drill across: involving (across) more than
one fact table
 drill through: through the bottom level of
the cube to its back-end relational tables
(using SQL)
 Lecture-9

Data warehouse architecture

 Steps for the Design and
Construction of Data Warehouse

The design of a data warehouse: a

business analysis framework
The process of data warehouse design
A three-tier data ware house architecture
Design of a Data Warehouse: A Business
Analysis Framework

Four views regarding the design of a data

warehouse
 Top-down view
allows selection of the relevant information
necessary for the data warehouse
Design of a Data Warehouse: A Business
Analysis Framework
 Data warehouse view
consists of fact tables and dimension tables

 Data source view

exposes the information being captured, stored,
and managed by operational systems

 Business query view

sees the perspectives
 Data Warehouse Design Process

Top-down, bottom-up approaches or a

combination of both
 Top-down: Starts with overall design and planning
(mature)
 Bottom-up: Starts with experiments and prototypes
(rapid)
From software engineering point of view
 Waterfall: structured and systematic analysis at each
step before proceeding to the next
 Spiral: rapid generation of increasingly functional
systems, short turn around time, quick turn around
 Data Warehouse Design Process

Typical data warehouse design process

 Choose a business process to model, e.g.,
orders, invoices, etc.
 Choose the grain (atomic level of data) of the
business process
 Choose the dimensions that will apply to each
fact table record
 Choose the measure that will populate each
fact table record
 Multi-Tiered Architecture

Monitor
Metadata & OLAP Server
other
source Integrator
s Analysis
Operational Extract Query
DBs Transform Data Serve Reports
Load
Refresh
Warehouse Data mining

Data Marts

Data Sources Data Storage OLAP Engine Front-End Tools

 Metadata Repository
Meta data is the data defining warehouse objects. It has
the following kinds
 Description of the structure of the warehouse
schema, view, dimensions, hierarchies, derived data defn, data mart
locations and contents
 Operational meta-data
data lineage (history of migrated data and transformation path),
currency of data (active, archived, or purged), monitoring information
(warehouse usage statistics, error reports, audit trails)
 The algorithms used for summarization
 The mapping from operational environment to the data warehouse
 Data related to system performance
warehouse schema, view and derived data definitions
 Business data
business terms and definitions, ownership of data, charging policies
Data Warehouse Back-End Tools and Utilities

Data extraction:
 get data from multiple, heterogeneous, and external

sources
Data cleaning:
 detect errors in the data and rectify them when

possible
Data transformation:
 convert data from legacy or host format to warehouse

format
Load:
 sort, summarize, consolidate, compute views, check

integrity, and build indices and partitions

Refresh
 propagate the updates from the data sources to the

warehouse
 Three Data Warehouse Models
Enterprise warehouse
 collects all of the information about subjects spanning the entire

organization
Data Mart
 a subset of corporate-wide data that is of value to a specific

groups of users. Its scope is confined to specific, selected

groups, such as marketing data mart
Independent vs. dependent (directly from warehouse) data
mart
Virtual warehouse
 A set of views over operational databases

 Only some of the possible summary views may be materialized

 Data Warehouse Development: A
Recommended Approach

Multi-Tier Data
Warehouse
Distributed
Data Marts

Data Data Enterprise

Mart Mart Data
Warehouse

Model refinement Model refinement

Define a high-level corporate data model

 Types of OLAP Servers
Relational OLAP (ROLAP)
 Use relational or extended-relational DBMS to store
and manage warehouse data and OLAP middle ware
to support missing pieces
 Include optimization of DBMS backend,
implementation of aggregation navigation logic, and
additional tools and services
 greater scalability
Multidimensional OLAP (MOLAP)
 Array-based multidimensional storage engine (sparse
matrix techniques)
 fast indexing to pre-computed summarized data
 Types of OLAP Servers
Hybrid OLAP (HOLAP)
 User flexibility, e.g., low level: relational, high-
level: array
Specialized SQL servers
 specialized support for SQL queries over
star/snowflake schemas
 Lecture-10 & 11

Data warehouse implementation

Efficient Data Cube Computation
Data cube can be viewed as a lattice of cuboids
 The bottom-most cuboid is the base cuboid
 The top-most cuboid (apex) contains only one cell
 How many cuboids in an n-dimensional cube with L
levels?
n
T   ( Li 1)
i 1
Materialization of data cube
 Materialize every (cuboid) (full materialization), none
(no materialization), or some (partial materialization)
 Selection of which cuboids to materialize
Based on size, sharing, access frequency, etc.
 Cube Operation
Cube definition and computation in DMQL
define cube sales[item, city, year]: sum(sales_in_dollars)
compute cube sales
Transform it into a SQL-like language (with a new operator
cube by, introduced by Gray et al.’96)
SELECT item, city, year, SUM (amount)
()
FROM SALES
CUBE BY item, city, year
(city) (item) (year)
Need compute the following Group-Bys
(date, product, customer),
(date,product),(date, customer), (product, customer),
(date), (product), (customer) (city, item) (city, year) (item, year)

()
(city, item, year)
Cube Computation: ROLAP-Based
Method
Efficient cube computation methods
 ROLAP-based cubing algorithms (Agarwal et al’96)
 Array-based cubing algorithm (Zhao et al’97)
 Bottom-up computation method (Bayer & Ramarkrishnan’99)

ROLAP-based cubing algorithms

 Sorting, hashing, and grouping operations are applied to the
dimension attributes in order to reorder and cluster related
tuples
 Grouping is performed on some sub aggregates as a “partial
grouping step”
 Aggregates may be computed from previously computed
aggregates, rather than from the base fact table
 Multi-way Array Aggregation
for Cube Computation
Partition arrays into chunks (a small sub cube which fits in
memory).
Compressed sparse array addressing: (chunk_id, offset)
Compute aggregates in “multi way” by visiting cube cells in
the order which minimizes the # of times to visit each cell,
and reduces memory access and storage cost.
Multi-way Array Aggregation
for Cube Computation

C c3 61
c2 45
62 63 64
46 47 48
c1 29 30 31 32
c0
B13 14 15 16 60
b3 44
B 28 56
b2 9
40
24 52
b1 5
36
20
b0 1 2 3 4
a0 a1 a2 a3
A
 Multi-Way Array Aggregation for
Cube Computation
Method: the planes should be sorted and
computed according to their size in
ascending order.
 Idea: keep the smallest plane in the main
memory, fetch and compute only one chunk
at a time for the largest plane
Limitation of the method: computing well
only for a small number of dimensions
 If there are a large number of dimensions,
“bottom-up computation” and iceberg cube
computation methods can be explored
 Indexing OLAP Data: Bitmap Index
Index on a particular column
Each value in the column has a bit vector: bit-op is fast
The length of the bit vector: # of records in the base
table
The i-th bit is set if the i-th row of the base table has
the value for the indexed column
not suitable for high cardinality domains

Base table Index on Region Index on Type

Cust Region Type RecIDAsia Europe America RecID Retail Dealer
C1 Asia Retail 1 1 0 0 1 1 0
C2 Europe Dealer 2 0 1 0 2 0 1
C3 Asia Dealer 3 1 0 0 3 0 1
C4 America Retail 4 0 0 1 4 1 0
C5 Europe Dealer 5 0 1 0 5 0 1
 Indexing OLAP Data: Join Indices
Join index: JI(R-id, S-id) where R (R-id,
…)  S (S-id, …)
Traditional indices map the values to a
list of record ids
 It materializes relational join in JI file and
speeds up relational join — a rather costly
operation
In data warehouses, join index relates
the values of the dimensions of a start
schema to rows in the fact table.
 E.g. fact table: Sales and two dimensions city
and product
A join index on city maintains for each
distinct city a list of R-IDs of the tuples
recording the Sales in the city
 Join indices can span multiple dimensions
 Efficient Processing OLAP Queries
Determine which operations should be performed
on the available cuboids:
 transform drill, roll, etc. into corresponding SQL and/or
OLAP operations, e.g, dice = selection + projection

Determine to which materialized cuboid(s) the

relevant operations should be applied.
Exploring indexing structures and compressed vs.
dense array structures in MOLAP
 Lecture-12

From data warehousing to data

mining
 Data Warehouse Usage
Three kinds of data warehouse applications
 Information processing
supports querying, basic statistical analysis, and reporting
using crosstabs, tables, charts and graphs
 Analytical processing
multidimensional analysis of data warehouse data
supports basic OLAP operations, slice-dice, drilling,
pivoting
 Data mining
knowledge discovery from hidden patterns
supports associations, constructing analytical models,
performing classification and prediction, and presenting the
mining results using visualization tools.
Differences among the three tasks
From On-Line Analytical Processing to On
Line Analytical Mining (OLAM)

Why online analytical mining?

 High quality of data in data warehouses
DW contains integrated, consistent, cleaned data
 Available information processing structure surrounding data
warehouses
ODBC, OLEDB, Web accessing, service facilities, reporting
and OLAP tools
 OLAP-based exploratory data analysis
mining with drilling, dicing, pivoting, etc.
 On-line selection of data mining functions
integration and swapping of multiple mining functions,
algorithms, and tasks.
Architecture of OLAM
 An OLAM Architecture
Mining query Mining result Layer4
User Interface
User GUI API
Layer3
OLAM OLAP
Engine Engine OLAP/OLAM

Data Cube API

Layer2
MDDB
MDDB
Meta
Data
Filtering&Integration Database API Filtering
Layer1
Data cleaning Data
Databases Data
Data integration Warehouse Repository