3.1.belt and Belt Drives

Belt and Belt drives
By: Prof. Vignesh Shenoy

Types of belts
• Flat belt:
Used in factories and workshops where a moderate amount of
power is to be transmitted, from one pulley to another when the
two pulleys are not more than 8 metres apart
• V-belt:
Used in the factories and workshops where a great amount of
power is to be transmitted, from one pulley to another, when the
two pulleys are very near to each other
• Circular belt or rope:
Used in the factories and workshop, where great amount of
power is to be transmitted, from one pulley to another, when the
two pulleys are more than 8 metres apart.
Types of Belt Drives
• Light drives: These are used to transmit small powers at belt speeds upto about 10 m/s as in
agricultural machines and small machine tools.
• Medium drives: These are used to transmit medium powers at belt speeds over 10 m/s but up to
22 m/s, as in machine tools.
• Heavy drives: These are used to transmit large powers at belt speeds above 22 m/s as in
compressors and generators.
Slip of the belt
• In reality, the frictional grip between the belt and pulley becomes
insufficient, which may cause forward motion of the driver without
carrying the belt with it.
• This is called slip of the belt and is generally expressed as a
percentage
• ; where :1 driving
2driven
ss1+s2
N2, d2,S2
N1, d1,S1
Creep of Belt
•• When
the belt passes from the slack side to the tight side, a certain portion of the belt
extends and it contracts again when the belt passes from the tight side to the slack
side.
• Due to these changes of length, there is a relative motion between the belt and the
pulley surfaces.
• This relative motion is termed as creep.
• The total effect of creep is to reduce slightly the speed of the driven pulley or follower.
• Considering creep, the velocity ratio is given by:
= *;
where ,  are stresses in the belt on the tight and slack side respectively
E Young’s modulus
Q. An engine running at 150 r.p.m. drives a line shaft by means of
a belt. The
engine pulley is 750 mm diameter and the pulley on the line shaft
is 450 mm. A 900 mm diameter pulley on the line shaft drives a
150 mm diameter pulley keyed to a dynamo shaft. Fine the speed
of dynamo shaft, when
1. there is no slip, and
2. there is a slip of 2% at each drive.
3
4
1 900 mm 150 mm
750 mm 450 mm
Engine running at
15 rpm 2
Q. An engine running at 150 r.p.m. drives a line shaft by means of
a belt. The
engine pulley is 750 mm diameter and the pulley on the line shaft
is 450 mm. A 900 mm diameter pulley on the line shaft drives a
150 mm diameter pulley keyed to a dynamo shaft. Fine the speed
of dynamo shaft, when
1. there is no slip, and
2. there is a slip of 2% at each drive.
Ans:
Case1: No slip
= = 10
N4 = 10*N1 = 10*150 = 1500 rpm
Case2: 2% slip on both drive
* = 9.6
N4 = 9.6*N1 = 9.6*150 = 1440 rpm

Open belt drive Cross belt drive
• L=
(d1+d2)+2x+ • L= (d1+d2)+2x+
• Angle of contact: • Angle of contact:
=(180o-2)* =(180o+2)*
• Sin = • Sin =
Few formulae's
• =
• P = (T1 – T2)*v
•v=
Q. Two pulleys, one 450 mm diameter and the other 200 mm
diameter, on parallel
shafts 1.95 m apart are connected by a crossed belt. Find the
length of the belt required and the angle of contact between the
belt and each pulley.
What power can be transmitted by the belt when the larger pulley
rotates at 200 rev/min, if the maximum permissible tension in the
belt is 1 kN, and the coefficient of friction between the belt and
pulley is 0.25?
Ans:
Steps
1. Given
2. Find L, ,
3. Find T1, T2
4. Find v
5. Find P
Centrifugal tension
• Since the belt continuously runs over the pulleys, some centrifugal
force is caused, whose effect is to increase the tension on both the
tight and slack side
• Tc=m.v2
• Tt1=T1+Tc; Tt2=T2+Tc
• P = (Tt1-Tt2)*v = (T1+Tc-(T2+Tc))*v = (T1 - T2)*v
Q. A leather belt 9 mm × 250 mm is used to drive a cast iron
pulley 900 mm in
diameter at 336 r.p.m. If the active arc on the smaller pulley is
120° and the stress in tight side is 2 MPa, find the power capacity
of the belt. The density of leather may be taken as 980 kg/m3, and
the coefficient of friction of leather on cast iron is 0.35.
•
Ans:
Steps:
1. Given
2. Find Area of belt cross section,Find v = m/s and
m =Volume * density(Kg/m; take length as
1m’Mass per unit length)
3. Find maximum tension(T) = stress * area = *area
4. Find Tc = mv2
5. T1 = T - Tc; Then T2 ( = );
6. P = (T1 – T2).v = 32.47 kW
Q1. A flat belt is required to transmit 30 kW from a pulley of 1.5 m effective diameter running at
300 r.p.m. The angle of contact is spread over of the circumference. The coefficient of friction
between the belt and pulley surface is 0.3. Determine, taking centrifugal tension into account,
width of the belt required. It is given that the belt thickness is 9.5 mm, density of its material is
1100 kg / m3 and the related permissible working stress is 2.5 MPa.
Q2. An electric motor drives an exhaust fan. Following data are provided :
Motor Pulley Fan Pulley
Diameter 400 mm 1600 mm
Angle of warp 2.5 radians 3.78 radians
Coefficient of friction 0.3 0.25
Speed
Power transmitted
700 rpm
22.5 kW
-
-
Calculate the width of 5 mm thick flat belt. Take permissible stress for the belt material as 2.3
MPa.
[Note: when 2 values of and are given we will consider the value with lowest ]
Q3. Design a rubber belt to drive a dynamo generating 20 kW at 2250 r.p.m. and fitted with a
pulley 200 mm diameter. Assume dynamo efficiency to be 85%.
Allowable stress for belt = 2.1 Mpa Density of rubber = 1000 kg / m3
Angle of contact for dynamo pulley = 165° Coefficient of friction between belt and pulley = 0.3
[Note:P=(T1 – T2).v.
Q. Design a belt drive to transmit 110 kW for a system consisting
of two pulleys of
diameters 0.9 m and 1.2 m, center distance of 3.6 m, a belt speed
20 m / s, coefficient of friction 0.3, a slip of 1.2% at each pulley
and 5% friction loss at each shaft, 20% over load.

Ans:
Steps:
1. Given
2. Calculate N1 and N2 using the formula
v=
3. Calculate torque using T =
4. Design torque(Td) = T*1.05*1.2friction
loss at shaft and overload
5. Td = (T1 – T2).r
6. Calculate
7. Calculate T1 , T2 , Tc =m.v2 and T = T1 + Tc
8. T = stress * area, calculate width of belt ‘b’
9. Calculate L= (d1+d2)+2x+
Condition for the transmission of
Maximum Power
•• = 
• P = (T1 – T2).v = (T1 - ).v = T1(1 - ).v = T1.c.v ;where c = (1 - )
But, maximum tension ; T = T1 + Tc
T1 = T – Tc
P = (T – Tc).c.v = (T-mv2).c.v = (T.v – mv3).c
For maximum power, = 0
(T – 3mv2).c = 0
T = 3mv2 = 3 Tc
v=
Q. A belt 100 mm wide and 10 mm thick is transmitting power at
1000 metres/min.
The net driving tension is 1.8 times the tension on the slack side. If
the safe permissible stress on the belt section in 1.6 MPa, calculate
the maximum power, that can be transmitted at this speed.
Assume density of the leather as 1000 kg/m3.
Calculate the absolute maximum power that can be transmitted by
this belt and the speed at which this can be transmitted.

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Belt and Belt drives

By: Prof. Vignesh Shenoy

N4 = 10N1 = 10150 = 1500 rpm

Case2: 2% slip on both drive

N4 = 9.6N1 = 9.6150 = 1440 rpm

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