PLACENTA

PLACENTA
• This is a fetomaternal organ.

• It has two components:
– Fetal part – develops from the chorionic sac ( chorion
frondosum )
– Maternal part – derived from the endometrium ( functional
layer – decidua basalis )
• The placenta and the umbilical cord are a transport system for
substances between the mother and the fetus.( vessels in umbilical
cord )
• Function Of The Placenta:

1. Protection
2. Nutrition
3. Respiration
4. Excretion
5. Hormone production 1
Further Development of Chorionic
Villi
Early in the 3rd week,

mesenchyme growth into the
primary villi forming a core of
mesenchymal tissue. Thus the
Secondary Chorionic Villi are
formed over the entire surface of
.the chorionic sac
Some mesenchymal cells in the

secondary villi differentiate into
capillaries and blood cells
forming the Tertiary Chorionic
.Villi
The capillaries in the villi fuse to

.form arteriocapillary networks
The previous formed
arteriocapillary networks
become connected with the
embryonic heart through
vessels which are formed in
the mesenchyme of the chorion
.and connecting stalk
By the end of the 3rd week,
embryonic blood begins to flow
through the capillaries in the
.chorionic villi
Oxygen & nutrients in the
maternal blood in the
intervillous space diffuse
through the walls of the villi and
.enter the embryo’s blood
Carbon dioxide & waste
products diffuse from blood in
the fetal capillaries through the
wall of the chorionic villi into
• This is the endometrium
DECIDUA of the gravid (pregnant)
uterus.
• It has four parts:
– Decidua basalis: it
forms the maternal
part of the placenta
– Decidua capsularis:
it covers the
conceptus
– Decidua parietalis:
the rest of the
endometrium
– Decidua reflexa:
– Junction between
capsularis &
parietalis.
5
• Until the beginning of the
DEVELOPMENT OF PLACENTA 8th week, the entire
chorionic sac is covered
with villi.
• After that, as the sac grows,
only the part that is
associated with Decidua
basalis retain its villi.
• Villi of Decidua capsularis
compressed by the
developing sac.
• Thus, two types of chorion
are formed:
– Chorion frondosum
(villous chorion)
– Chorion laeve – bare
(smooth) chorion
– About 18 weeks old, it
covers 15-30% of the
decidua and weights
about 1\ 6 of fetus
6
• The villous chorion
DEVELOPMENT OF ( increase in
PLACENTA number, enlarge and
branch ) will form
the fetal part of the
placenta.
• The decidua basalis
will form the
maternal part of
the placenta.
• The placenta will
grow rapidly.
• By the end of the 4th
month, the decidua
basalis is almost
entirely replaced by
the fetal part of the
placenta.
7
• Cotyledons –about 15 to 20
slightly bulging villous areas.
FULL-TERM Their surface is covered by
PLACENTA shreds of decidua basalis
from the uterine wall.
• After birth, the placenta is
always inspeced for missing
cotyledons. Cotyledons
remaining attached to the
uterine wall after birth may
cause severe bleeding.
• Grooves – formerly occupied
by placental septa
• The fetal part of placenta;
fetal membranes called
developmental adnexa
Maternal side
• Placenta;fetal membranes
which are expelled are called
afterbirth or secundina 8
FULL-TERM PLACENTA • Fetal surface:
( Discoid shape -500- 600 gm- Diameter 15-20 cm • This side is smooth
– Thickness of 2-3 cm) and shiny. It is
covered by amnion.
• The umbilical cord is
attached close to the
center of the placenta.
• The umbilical vessels
radiate from the
umbilical cord.
• They branch on the
fetal surface to form
chorionic vessels.
• They enter the
Fetal side chorionic villi to form
arteriocapillary-
venous system. 9
PLACENTAL CIRCULATION 80 to 100
each cotyledon - inflow
10
STRUCTURE OF STEM CHORIONIC VILLUS
11
PLACENTAL MEMBRANE • This is a composite structure
that consists of the extrafetal
knot –syncytiotrophoblast tissues separating the fetal
–Toward end of pregnancy – blood from the maternal
phagocytic cells blood.
• It has four layers:
– Syncytiotrophoblast
– Cytotrophoblast
– Connective tissue of villus
– Endothelium of fetal
capillaries
• After the 20th week, the
cytotrophoblastic cells
disappear and the placental
membrane consists only of
three layers.
12
TRANSFER
ACROSS THE
PLACENTAL
MEMBRANE
Viruses:
measles;poliomyeliti
s Microorganism:
treponema pallidum
of syphilis ; T.g
which produce
destructive change
in the eye; brain .
IgG( gamma
globulin) , IgS;IgM (
immunoglobulin
S;M )
13
Placental endocrine synthesis
• The syncytiotrophoblast synthesizes protein
&steroid hormones
• The protein homones
• 1- human chorionic gonadotropin
• 2- h.c. somatomammotropin
• 3-h.c. thyrotropin
• 4-h.c. corticotropin
• The steroid hormones
• Progesterone & Estrogens
Third trimester
bleeding is the common
sign of these anomalies
15
Biscoid
placenta
Bipartita
Horseshoe
16
When villi persist on the entire
surface of the chorionic sac ,a
thin layer of placenta attaches to
a large area of the uterus …… it
is a membranous placenta.
18
19
• Usually it is attached
FULL-TERM near the center of the
UMBILICAL CORD fetal surface of
placenta.
• Length: about 50 cm
• Diameter: 1-2 cm
• Contains two arteries
and one vein,
surrounded by mucoid
connective tissue
(Wharton jelly)
• The vessels are longer
than the cord and may
have loops (false
knots). 20
THE END

PLACENTA

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PLACENTA

• This is a fetomaternal organ.

• Function Of The Placenta:

Early in the 3rd week,

Some mesenchymal cells in the

The capillaries in the villi fuse to

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