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    2nd Session T-Test of SPSS

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    shahid702
    The document summarizes information about t-tests, one-sample t-tests, ANOVA, and post-hoc tests for data analysis. It provides details on: 1) What a t-test is and what it compares. 2) When to use a one-sample t-test, which is used to compare a sample mean to a population mean. 3) That ANOVA examines differences among three or more groups on a quantitative variable and determines which groups differ significantly with post-hoc tests. 4) Examples of using ANOVA and post-hoc tests to analyze tourism satisfaction data across age groups.

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    2nd Session T-Test of SPSS

    Uploaded by

    shahid702
    53 views38 pages
    The document summarizes information about t-tests, one-sample t-tests, ANOVA, and post-hoc tests for data analysis. It provides details on: 1) What a t-test is and what it compares. 2) When to use a one-sample t-test, which is used to compare a sample mean to a population mean. 3) That ANOVA examines differences among three or more groups on a quantitative variable and determines which groups differ significantly with post-hoc tests. 4) Examples of using ANOVA and post-hoc tests to analyze tourism satisfaction data across age groups.

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    The document summarizes information about t-tests, one-sample t-tests, ANOVA, and post-hoc tests for data analysis. It provides details on: 1) What a t-test is and what it compares. 2) When to use a one-sample t-test, which is used to compare a sample mean to a population mean. 3) That ANOVA examines differences among three or more groups on a quantitative variable and determines which groups differ significantly with post-hoc tests. 4) Examples of using ANOVA and post-hoc tests to analyze tourism satisfaction data across age groups.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    53 views38 pages

    2nd Session T-Test of SPSS

    Uploaded by

    shahid702
    The document summarizes information about t-tests, one-sample t-tests, ANOVA, and post-hoc tests for data analysis. It provides details on: 1) What a t-test is and what it compares. 2) When to use a one-sample t-test, which is used to compare a sample mean to a population mean. 3) That ANOVA examines differences among three or more groups on a quantitative variable and determines which groups differ significantly with post-hoc tests. 4) Examples of using ANOVA and post-hoc tests to analyze tourism satisfaction data across age groups.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 38

    RESEARCH & DATA ANALYSIS

    WORKSHOP

    Instructor: Dr Shahid Nawaz


    INSTRUCTOR INFO
    Name : Dr Shahid Nawaz
    School : Management Sciences
    Org: Islamia University Bahawalpur
    Contact no: 0301-7415308
    WHAT IS MEANT BY T-TEST?
     The t-test compares the actual difference
    between two means in relation to the
    variation in the data (expressed as the
    standard deviation of the difference between
    the means).
    ONE-SAMPLE T-TEST
     The one-sample t-test allows us to test whether a sample
    mean is significantly different from a population mean.
    When only the sample standard deviation is known. Simply,
    when to use the one-sample t-test, you should consider
    using this test when you have continuous data collected
    from group that you want to compare that group’s average
    scores to some known criterion value (probably a population
    mean).

     Often performed for testing the mean value of distribution.


     It can be used under the assumption that sample
    distribution is normal.
     For large samples, the procedure performs often well even
    for non-normal population.
    Gain in mean score=0.50571
    A two tailed paired T test was carried out to test the
    difference between the “Inn1” and “Inn2” condition
    for significance. Mean value of Inn1 significantly
    different than Inn2 t(349)=7.219, p< 0.000
    ANOVA: ANALYSIS OF
    VARIANCE
    Analysis of Variance: ANOVA
    • One-way ANOVA is a generalised version of the
    independent samples t-test: it examines
    differences among three or more groups on a
    quantitative/numerical (numerical/interval/ratio)
    variable.
    • ANOVA stands for analysis of variance.
    • After ANOVA is conducted, one must determine
    which groups differ significantly using post-hoc
    or multiple comparisons tests.
    ANOVA: NOTE
    • You have to select a test of homogeneity of
    variance to examine equal variances.
    • You have then to choose a post-hoc based on
    whether equal variances are assumed (Scheffe),
    and one based on whether equal variances are
    not assumed (Games-Howell).
    • Based on results of test of homogeneity of
    variance, you will select the more suitable post-
    hoc test, if a significant ANOVA result is found.
    ANOVA Question
    • ASK THESE QUESTIONS:
    ¾How many variables?
    ¾Which one is the independent variable,
    and which one is the dependent variable?
    ¾What types of variables are they?
    ¾ ANOVA appropriate?
    Post-hoc Tests
    • Post-hoc tests allow you to determine where
    significant differences lie.
    • When the ANOVA is found to be significant, one
    must examine which two groups differ
    significantly from the total number of groups: so
    post-hoc tests look at mean differences between
    different pairs: e.g. given three groups:
    Jamaican, Barbadian, Grenadian, you will
    examine differences such as Jamaican versus
    Grenadian, Grenadian versus Barbadian, and
    Barbadian versus Jamaican.
    Post hoc tests
    • There are many post-hoc tests to choose from
    when doing an ANOVA.
    • Post-hoc tests are done based on whether equal
    variances are assumed, or not. This assumption
    is also for ANOVA (like the t-test).
    • The Scheffe post-hoc test should be selected
    when equal variances assumed but the Games-
    Howell post-hoc test should be selected if not.
    Doing ANOVA

    • Using tourism data1:


    Does overall satisfaction with the destination
    experience vary by age of tourist?
    2 variables: satisfaction with destination and
    age.
    Independent variable = age
    Dependent variable = overall satisfaction with
    destination
    Age is categorical with more than 2 categories,
    and satisfaction is quantitative/numerical.
    Descriptives

    Overall satisfaction with the destination


    95% Confidence Interval for
    Mean
    N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Lower Bound Upper Bound Minimum Maximum
    18 - 25 14 3.86 1.167 .312 3.18 4.53 2 5
    26 - 40 95 4.03 .818 .084 3.86 4.20 1 5
    41 - 60 134 3.84 .949 .082 3.68 4.01 1 5
    Over 60 19 3.11 1.049 .241 2.60 3.61 1 5
    Total 262 3.86 .946 .058 3.74 3.97 1 5

    • The first table in the ANOVA output is similar to that


    of the descriptive stats table from the t-test. It shows
    the means and standard deviations for each
    age
    group. Mean satisfaction scores based on a five-
    point scale ranging from 1(very dissatisfied) to 5
    (very satisfied).
    Test of Homogeneity of Variances

    Overall satisfaction with the destination


    Levene
    Statistic df1 df2 Sig.
    1.664 3 258 .175

    • This table (Levene’s test) tests the assumption of


    equal variances for the ANOVA – this is the same
    assumption found in the t-test but in another table.
    Look at the sig. or p-value - the value is .175 which
    is above .05. The result indicates that equal
    variances assumption is met.
    Multiple Comparisons

    Dependent Variable: Overall satisfaction with the destination

    Mean
    Difference 95% Confidence Interval
    (I) Age (J) Age (I-J) Std. Error Sig. Lower Bound Upper Bound
    Scheffe 18 - 25 26 - 40 -.174 .264 .933 -.92 .57
    41 - 60 .014 .259 1.000 -.72 .74
    Over 60 .752 .325 .151 -.16 1.67
    26 - 40 18 - 25 .174 .264 .933 -.57 .92
    41 - 60 .188 .124 .512 -.16 .54
    Over 60 .926* .232 .001 .27 1.58
    41 - 60 18 - 25 -.014 .259 1.000 -.74 .72
    26 - 40 -.188 .124 .512 -.54 .16
    Over 60 .738* .226 .015 .10 1.38
    Over 60 18 - 25 -.752 .325 .151 -1.67 .16
    26 - 40 -.926* .232 .001 -1.58 -.27
    41 - 60 -.738* .226 .015 -1.38 -.10
    Games-Howell 18 - 25 26 - 40 -.174 .323 .948 -1.11 .76
    41 - 60 .014 .323 1.000 -.92 .94
    Over 60 .752 .394 .249 -.33 1.83
    26 - 40 18 - 25 .174 .323 .948 -.76 1.11
    41 - 60 .188 .117 .378 -.12 .49
    Over 60 .926* .255 .007 .22 1.63
    41 - 60 18 - 25 -.014 .323 1.000 -.94 .92
    26 - 40 -.188 .117 .378 -.49 .12
    Over 60 .738* .254 .038 .03 1.44
    Over 60 18 - 25 -.752 .394 .249 -1.83 .33
    26 - 40 -.926* .255 .007 -1.63 -.22
    41 - 60 -.738* .254 .038 -1.44 -.03
    *. The mean difference is significant at the .05 level.

    • This is the post-hoc tests to see where the differences lie.


    You have to focus on the Scheffe post hoc test as the
    Levene’s test revealed equal variances (p = .175). You can
    see that those over 60 differed significantly from those 26-40,
    and 41-60 – they (60+) had significantly lower satisfaction

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