RESEARCH IN

DAILY LIFE 2
 01 02
BACKGROUND OF
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
THE STUDY
Its purpose is to introduce the It helps the researcher clarify
research problem. various essential elements of
research.

03 04
SCOPE AND DELIMITATION SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
Here you could describe the Here you could describe the
topic of the section topic of the section
 INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTIONI
INTRODUCTIONI
NINTRODUCTIONI
ONINTRODUCTIONIN
ONINTRODUCTIONIN
NINTRODUCTIONINT
INTRODUCTIONI
a. discusses why there is a need to study the problem
b. clarifies the important terminologies for the reader to understand
what the research is about
c. establishes the degree of seriousness of the problem which
caused the researcher to look for solutions

INTRODUCTION
 QUESTIONS TO ASK
1. What is the rationale of the research problem?
2. What is the setting of the research problem?
3. What is the basic literature foundation of the study?
4. How serious is the chosen research problem?
5. What is the general objective of the research?
6. What is the overall purpose of the research problem?
 STATEMENT
NTSTATEMENTS
NTSTATEMENTS
ENTSTATEMENTS
EMENTSTATEMENTS
EMENTSTATEMENTST
EMENTSTATEMENTST
TSTATEMENT
IMPORTANT ELEMENTS
Main tasks
Main or major variables
Participants
Setting
Coverage date
Intended outputs
 TYPES OF RESEARCH QUESTIONS
FACTOR-ISOLATING SITUATION-RELATING
- “What is this?” - “What will happen if…”
- isolate, categorize, describe, name - yield hypotheses testing or
factors and situations experimental study designs

FACTOR-RELATING SITUATION-PRODUCING
- “What is happening here?” - “How can I make this happen?”
- determine the relationship among - establish explicit goals for actions,
factors that have been identified develop plans or prescriptions to achieve
goals, and specify the conditions under
which these goals will be accomplished
 SCOPE AND
DELIMITATION
SCOPE DELIMITATION
determined by the determined by the sub-
major variables of the variables and their
study characteristics, attributes,
or indicators
VARIABLE CONCEPT
any factor or property generally accepted
that a researcher collection of characteristics
measures, controls, that can be defined by a
dictionary
and/or manipulates
CONSTRUCT INDICATORS
a new characteristic concepts or ideas the
that results from the researcher has gathered
conduct of research from reading various
literatures
SIGNIFICANCE
- How important is the problem being investigated?
- beneficiaries and the benefits it will give when the
problem is solved

SIGNIFICANCE
 05 06
REVIEW PROCESS
STANDARD CITATION AND
REFRENCING STYLES

07 08
ETHICAL STANDARDS IN
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
RESEARCH WRITING
 09 10
REVIEW OF RELATED CONCEPTUAL/THEORETICAL
STUDIES FRAMEWORK

11 12
HYPOTHESIS AND ASSUMPTIONS
DEFINITION OF TERMS
OF THE STUDY
PURPOSES OF REVIEWING A LITERATURE
1. To build the confidence of the researcher
2. To show similar studies conducted which become the
springboard of discussion
3. To see the objectivity of the study
4. To make the research study empirical
SELECTING THE TOPIC AND THE LITERATURE
1. Pick a topic.
2. Selecting the literature
3. Structure of literature review
4. Characteristics of a good literature review
 CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD LITERATURE REVIEW
 Delimits clearly the subject matter to be reviewed
 Covers all important relevant literature
 Is up-to-date
 Provides an insightful analysis of the ideas and conclusions in the
literature
 Points out similarities and differences, and strengths and
weaknesses in the literature
 Identifies gaps in the literature for future research
 Clarifies the context for which the literature is important
 TYPES OF READING
ELEMENTARY READING ANALYTICAL READING
- recognizing the words and literal - process of breaking the whole into
comprehension of the sentences parts for better understanding

SYSTEMATIC SKIMMING COMPARATIVE READING

- prerequisite to analytical reading - analyzes several articles or books
- discerning whether the articles or - concepts and principles from the various
materials can be included in the points of view of authors are compared
analysis or not and contrasted
CONDUCTING A REVIEW OF LITERATURE
1. Looking for relevant materials.
2. Actual reading
3. Note-taking
HIGHLIGHTING ANNOTATIONS
discovering the similarities remarks, ideas, and
and contrasts of ideas and opinions the researcher
remembering the location of writes during the analysis
important key terms,
phrases, sentences, and
and synthesis of related
paragraphs materials or sources
 ETHICAL
STANDARDS
IN RESEARCH
WRITING
REMINDERS TO BE TAKEN INTO ACCOUNT

1. Honesty with professional colleagues

2. Protection from harm
3. Right to privacy
 DUPLICATE
SELF-PLAGIARISM PLAGIARISM
copies large parts of one submits a previously-
of a person’s previous published work as if it is
manuscripts word for an original manuscript
word
WAYS OF AVOIDING PLAGIARISM
Citation
Paraphrasing
Quoting
Referencing
 ON AUTHORSHIP
COERCION
- uses intimidation to gain authorship GHOST
- papers written by people who are not
HONORARY included as authors or are not
acknowledged
- also called a guest or gift authorship

DENIAL
- to gain favor and/or to give the paper
a greater sense of legitimacy
- published work without acknowledging
MUTUAL SUPPORT or bestowing authorship on people who
- two or more investigators include made substantial contributions to the work
their names as co-authors of each
other’s paper
- focuses on published literature on a given
topic
- presents, analyzes, patterns, and critiques

LITERATURE REVIEW
WHAT TO CHECK IN A RELATED STUDY

1. same variables, sub-variables,

concepts or construct
2. same subject or topic of study
CONCEPTUAL
OR
THEORETICAL
FRAMEWORK
- relevant theories must be provided
- serves as the foundation of the study

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
- used to illustrate the researcher’s expected
findings

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
IPO MODEL
IV-DV MODEL
PC MODEL
 -P MODEL

Teaching
Level of
competence of
performance of
instructors
students Faculty
• Knowledge level
• Academic grades Development
• Pedagogical
• Practicum Program
skills
performance
• Classroom
• Peer evaluation
management
POM MODEL
HYPOTHESIS &
ASSUMPTIONS
OF THE STUDY
tentative prediction about the relationship
between two or more variables

HYPOTHESIS
SIMPLE COMPLEX
predicting a relationship predicting the relationships
between an independent of 2 or more independent
variable & a dependent variables to 2 or more
variable dependent variables
DIRECTIONAL NON-DIRECTIONAL
specifies the existence opposite of directional
and expected directions
of the relationship
between the independent
and dependent variable
NULL RESEARCH
formulated for the states the actual expected
purpose of statistical relationships between
analysis; always variables; substantive of
expressed as a negative scientific hypotheses
statement
propositions taken to be true based upon the
presupposition without ponderance of the facts

ASSUMPTIONS
DEFINITION OF
TERMS
important terms in the study must be defined
clearly

DEFINITION OF TERMS
CONCEPTUALLY OPERATIONALLY
defined using books or defined based on how it is
dictionaries used in the study