UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY and POLITICS 3

UNDERSTANDING
CULTURE, SOCIET Y
AND POLITICS
UCSP11
P R E PA R E D B Y : E LW I N A . N A R C I S O
CULTURAL
ANTHROPOLOGY
AND SOCIOLOGY
CHAPTER 1
E.A.Narciso, Social Science

LESSON 3:
CULTURAL
DIVERSITY AND
CONFORMITY
OBJECTIVES
Define Human Biocultural and Social evolution;
Discuss the stages of human evolution;
Explain the cultural and socio-political evolution: from
hunting and gathering to the agricultural, industrial,
and post-industrialization revolutions;
Understand human cultural variation; and
Biological and cultural evolution: from Homo Habilis
(or earlier) to Homo Sapiens in the fossil record.
HUMAN
BIOCULTURAL AND
SOCIAL EVOLUTION
BIOLOGICAL EVOLUTION
A natural process of biological changes occurring in a
population across successive generations (Banaag,
2012 p. 31)

It is the physical transformation of modern humans
from hominids into thinking modern humans or homo
sapiens. (studuco.com)
Biological evolution is the process through which
the characteristics of organisms change over
successive generations, by means of genetic variation
and natural selection.

It is most commonly defined
as "changes in gene frequencies in
populations.“ The result of the
process may be minimal or
substantial; it embraces everything
from slight changes within a species,
to the successive alterations that lead
to the diversification of an organism
into countless unique species.
 It refers to the changes,
modifications, and
variations in the genetics
and inherited traits of
biological populations from
one generation to another.
 Scientists study the
changes in the physical
body of humans, the
changes in the shape and
size of their bones.
CULTURAL EVOLUTION
 It refers to the changes or
development in cultures from a
simple form to a more complex
form of human culture.
 Scientist study the cultural
evolution of humans by
analyzing the changes in the
latter’s way of life

CULTURAL EVOLUTION
Cultural evolution is an evolutionary theory of
social change. It follows from the definition
of culture as "information capable of affecting
individuals' behavior that they acquire from other
members of their species through teaching, imitation
and other forms of social transmission".

CHARLES DARWIN

CHARLES DARWIN
He was a naturalist and biologist
known for his theory of evolution
and the process of natural
selection.
He was the first scientist to publish
a coherent Theory of Evolution by
Natural selection.

NATURAL SELECTION
“It is the outcome of processes that affect the
frequencies of traits in a particular environment. Traits
that enhance survival and reproductive success
increase in frequency over time.” (According to
Ember, Ember, and Peregrine)
 The reason for occurrence of evolution.
 The outcome processes that affect the frequencies
of traits in a particular environment. Traits that
enhance survival and reproductive success increase
in frequency over time.
SURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST
"Survival of the fittest" is a phrase that originated
from Darwinian evolutionary theory as a way of
describing the mechanism of natural selection. The
biological concept of fitness is defined as reproductive
success. In Darwinian terms the phrase is best
understood as "Survival of the form that will leave
the most copies of itself in successive
generations."

WATCH TO LEARN!!!

WATCH TO LEARN (VIDEO 2)!!!

THE THREE PRINCIPLES OF NATURAL
SELECTION
1. Variation- Every species made up of variety of
individuals wherein some are better adapted to their
environments compared to others.
2. Heritability- Organisms produce progeny with
different sets of traits that can inherited

THE THREE PRINCIPLES OF NATURAL
SELECTION
3. Differential Reproductive Success- Organisms
that have traits most suitable to their environment
will survive and transfer these variations to their
offspring in subsequent generations.

STAGES OF
HUMAN
EVOLUTION
ARTIFACTS AND FOSSILS
Fossils refer to the human, plant, and animal
remains that have been preserved through time.
Artifacts refer to objects that were made and used
by humans.

HOMINID (MANLIKE PRIMATES)
It is the general term used by scientists to categorize
the group of early humans and other humanlike
creatures that can walk erect during the prehistoric
times.
The general term used to categorize the group of
early humans and other human like creatures that
can walk erect during the prehistoric period.

FOUR CATEGORIES OF HOMINID
Sahelanthropus Australopithecus
Ardipithecus Homo

SAHELANTHROPUS
TCHADENSIS
One of the oldest known species in the human family
tree. This species lived sometime between 6 and 7
million years ago in West-Central Africa (Chad).
Walking upright may have helped this species survive
in diverse habitats, including forests and grasslands.
Studies so far show this species had a combination
of ape-like and human-like features.
SAHELANTHROPUS
TCHADENSIS
Ape-like features included a small brain (even slightly
smaller than a chimpanzee’s), sloping face, very
prominent brow-ridges, and elongated skull.
Human-like features included small canine teeth, a
short middle part of the face, and a spinal cord
opening underneath the skull instead of towards the
back as seen in non-bipedal apes.
EA.Narciso, Social Science
SAHELANTHROPUS
TCHADENSIS CHARACTERISTICS
Skull similar to Australopithecus
and modern human.
Height almost similar to a
chimpanzee.
Brain size of about 320-380
cubic centimeters.
Small Teeth
Had the ability to walk upright.
ARDIPITHECUS
Existed 4.4/5 to 6 million years ago, and they lived in

the jungles of Ethiopia.
Nicknamed as “ARDI”
Also called “Ground Apes”.
Walk upright on the ground, but on “all fours” in the
tree.

ARDIPITHECUS
About 3 ½ feet tall and ate mostly fruits & nuts.

Discovered in 1994, but the study about them was
completed & published in 2009

ARDIPITHECUS
CHARACTERISTICS
Height of about 4 feet.
Weight of about 120 pounds.
Skull size similar to an ape.
Small brain.
Biped.
Lived in jungles and forests like the
chimpanzees.
AUSTRALOPITHECUS
Also called a southern ape.
It is the next group of hominids after Ardipithecus.
They lived in the African jungle from5 million to 1
million years ago.
group of extinct primates closely related to, if not
actually ancestors of, modern human beings and
known from a series of fossils found at numerous sites
in eastern, north-central, and southern Africa.
AUSTRALOPITHECUS
The various species of Australopithecus lived 4.4
million to 1.4 million years ago (mya), during
the Pliocene and Pleistocene epochs (which lasted
from 5.3 million to 11,700 years ago).
The genus name, meaning “southern ape,” refers to
the first fossils found, which were discovered in South
Africa.

AUSTRALOPITHECUS
Perhaps the most famous specimen
of Australopithecus is “Lucy,” a remarkably preserved
fossilized skeleton from Ethiopia that has been dated
to 3.2 mya.

AUSTRALOPITHECUS
CHARACTERISTICS
Brain weight of 500 cubic
centimeters.
Upright.
Biped.
Tool users only and not tool makers.
Used sticks and stones for digging

AUSTRALOPITHECUS
CHARACTERISTICS
Lived in small social groups.
Distance of movement was
estimated to be 15 kilometers or
more to search stones to be used as
tools.
Food scavengers

TWO CATEGORIES OF
AUSTRALOPITHECUS
Gracile Australopithecus- are a group
of extinct hominids that are closely related to humans.
They had small teeth and jaw. The following are families
belongs to gracile: Australopithecus anamnesis,
Australopithecus afarensis, and Australopithecus
africanus are included in this group.

TWO CATEGORIES OF
AUSTRALOPITHECUS
Gracile Australopithecus- are a group
of extinct hominids that are closely related to humans.
They had small teeth and jaw.
Robustus Australopithecus- had large teeth and jaws
and muscular built for Australopithecus boisei.
Australopithecus aethiopicus, Australopithecus robustus,
and the Australopithecus boisei are included in this
group. EA.Narciso, Social Science
“LUCY”
An old Australopithecus afarensis
fossil which was considered as one
of modern human’s earliest
ancestors and remains as the most
famous hominid fossil discovered.
It was discovered in Hadar, Ethiopia
in November 1974 by the
paleoanthropologists named Dr.
Donald Johanson.
HOMO
Homo are classified as humans and not humanlike

creatures because they had bigger brains and were
bipedal.
It first lived in Africa about 2.4 million years ago.
It includes Homo habilis(handy man), Homo
erectus(upright man), and the Homo sapiens(wise man).

CATEGORIES
OF HOMO
HOMO HABILIS
Known as 'handy man’
Height of about 3 to 4 feet.
Brain size half the size of the modern
human(700 cubic centimeters).
Made tools called oldowan which
were used as cutting tools and made
from volcanic stones.
Used tools for hunting and food
gathering.
TWO MAJOR TYPES OF HOMO HABILIS
a. Zinjanthropus
The physical description of this specie was about 4
feet and could walked upright with small brain. He
used crude stone weapons for protections against
predators.
Discovered by Dr. Louis S.B. Leakey in Oluva Gorge,
Tanzania, East Africa in 1999 which believed to live
about 1.75 million years ago.
TWO MAJOR TYPES OF HOMO HABILIS
b. “Lake Turkana” (“1470 Man”)
This specie was about 5 feet tall and walked upright.
Used more refined stone tools with a brain double size
of a chimpanzee’s brain.
This was excavated in Lake Turkana, Kenya, East
Africa by Dr. Richard Leakey (son of the famous Dr.
Louis Leakey) in 1972 which considered by a shattered
skull and leg bones.
HOMO ERECTUS
• The “Upright Man”
• It is believed to be more intelligent and
more adaptable compared to the
Homo habilis.
• Homo erectus manifested cultural
evolution, because they used their
intelligence to invent and develop
technologies to respond to their need.

HOMO ERECTUS
• Skillful Hunters.
• The first Homo species to use fire and
to live in caves and small houses
made of tree branches.
• The first to Homo to use spoken
language.
• They were also able to develop
religious rituals particularly burial
practices.
TWO MAJOR TYPES OF HOMO ERECTUS
a. Pithecanthropus Erectus (“Java Man”)
This was discovered by Eugene Dubois at Trinil, Java,
Indonesia in 1891 which was then called the “Java
Man”. The physical characteristics of this were about 5
feet tall; would walk erect; heavy and chinless jaw;
hairy body of modern man.

TWO MAJOR TYPES OF HOMO ERECTUS
b. Sinanthropus Pekinensis (“Wise Man”)
This specie was discovered at Choukoutien Village,
Beijing, China in 1929. This was about 5’2” tall, could
walk upright, and the brain almost as large as the
modern man which was believed to live 500,000 year
ago.

HOMO SAPIENS
The “Wise Man”
The last genus in the evolution
ladder of the Homo family.
It is also known as thinking man.
Their anatomy is very similar to
the modern humans.
Believed to live about 250,000
years ago.
HOMO SAPIENS
They had large brain size(1,400
cc) that is almost similar to the
brain of modern humans.
Lived in shelters.
Food gatherers.
Ate plants and fruits.
Hunted animals.

HOMO SAPIENS
Learned to gather and cook
shellfish(164,000 years ago)
Used fire.
Crafted metals.
Homo sapiens made sophisticated
and smoothened tools and had
more developed shelters and
advanced technology compared to
the other Homo species.
HOMO SAPIENS
They were able to make more
complex tools and different stone
tools like fishing tools(fish hooks),
harpoons, bow and arrows, spear
throwers, and sewing needles.

TWO MAJOR TYPES OF HOMO SAPIENS
a. Neanderthal Man
Discovered in the cave of Neanderthal Valley near
Dusseldorf, Germany in 1856. It was believed to
appear in the high temperate zone in Europe and Asia
about 70,000 years ago. They had physical
characteristics as heavily built with powerful jaws,
brutish and primitively intelligent. They usually live in
caved and dependent in hunting and fishing. They had
religious beliefs and more advanced than the homo
erectus. E.A.Narciso, Social Science
TWO MAJOR TYPES OF HOMO SAPIENS
b. Cro-Magnon Man
This was more stronger homo sapiens than the
Neanderthal .
Discovered by French archeologist Louis Lartet in the Cro
Magnon Cave at Ley Eyzies in Southern France.
Believed to live in Europe, Asia and Africa.
They were about 5’11” tall with more developed brain than
their predecessor.
 As a prehistoric man, they had more improved stone
tools, art objects and consistent hunting skills.
PREHISTORIC
ERA OF THE
PRIMITIVE MAN
1. PALEOLITHIC PERIOD
Old Stone Age: 3 million years to 8,000 B.C.)
The common primitive men identified in this period
were the homo erectus such as Java Man and
Peking Man; the homo sapiens such as the
Neanderthal Man and Cro Magnon Man.

(CHARACTERISTICS)
a. The rough stone tools were used as main weapons
and tools such as chisel, knifes, spear and others.
b. They lived in hunting, fishing and gathering any fruits
available in the forests.
c. They were able to use fire which was used to cook
their food and to protect them from colds and threats
from nature.
(CHARACTERISTICS)
d. They lived in cave and later learned to build primitive
shelter.
e. They learned to developed primitive arts, personal
ornaments, and other art forms.

2. NEOLITHIC PERIOD
New Stone Age: 8,000 B.C. – 4,000 B.C.)
In this period, Cro Magnon started to disappear and
new people which was considered as modern man
started also to evolve and emerged.

2. NEOLITHIC PERIOD
(CHARACTERISTICS)
a. The development of refined stone tools and
weapons started.
b. They made their own houses.
c. They learned to domesticate animals such as horse,
pigs, dogs, cattle and etc.

2. NEOLITHIC PERIOD
(CHARACTERISTICS)
a. They learned to use woven clothes as the protection
of their skin.
b. They began to cut trees which was used as boat as
a means of transportation and fishing vessel in the
rivers.

3. METAL AGE
Civilization: 4,000 B.C. – 1,500 B.C.)
The used of metal such as bronze, copper, and iron
produced a new historical development from the
cradle civilizations of Egypt, Mesopotamia, Persia
including India, and China which later spread through
out Asia.
It serves as the development of tribes, kingdoms,
empire and later on state which was guided by
political doctrines, initiation of conquest, wars and
trades. E.A.Narciso, Social Science
CULTURAL &
SOCIOPOLITICAL
EVOLUTION AND ITS
TIMELINE
(from hunting and
gathering to the
agriculture, industrial,
and post industrial
CULTURAL & SOCIOPOLITICAL EVOLUTION
Are theories of cultural and social evolution that
describe how cultures and societies change over time.

A. SOCIOCULTURAL EVOLUTION
The process by which structural reorganization is
affected through time, eventually producing a form or
structure which is qualitatively different from the
ancestral form.
 It is an umbrella term for theories of cultural
evolution and social evolution, describing how cultures
and societies have changed over time.

GERHARD LENSKI
An American Sociologist argued that human society
undergoes transformation and evolution and in the
process develops technological advancement.
“the more technology a society has, the faster it
changes”
He also argued that society can be classified
accordingly through its type.

1. HUNTING AND GATHERING SOCIETIES
The oldest and most basic way of
economic subsistence.
Making use of simple tools to
hunt animals and gather
vegetation for food.
Depend on the family to do many
things.

1. HUNTING AND GATHERING SOCIETIES
Although women and men
perform different tasks, most
hunters and gatherers probably
see the sexes as having about the
same social importance.
sexes as having about the same
social importance.
People come close to being
socially equal.
2. HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY
People learned to use human
muscle power and hand-held
tools to cultivate fields.
Classified as subsistence farming
and surplus farming.

Subsistence Farming
Involves only producing enough food to
feed the group.
The settlements are small.
Neighborhood is solid.
Political organization is confined in the
village.
Authority is based on positions inherited
by males through the kinship system.

Surplus Farming
Practiced in thickly populated and
permanent settlements.
There was occupational specialization
with prestige differences
Social stratification was well established.
The community tended to be structured
by kinship relations that are male
dominated.

3. PASTORAL SOCIETY
It relied on herding and the
domestication of animals for food
and clothing to satisfy the greater
needs of the groups.
Most pastoralist were nomads who
followed their herds in a never-
ending quest for pasture and water.

3. PASTORAL SOCIETY
It was organized along male-
centered kinship groups.
It was usually united under strong
political figures. However,
centralized political leadership did
not occur.

4. AGRICULTURAL SOCIETIES
These societies were characterized
by the use of the plow in farming,
Creation of irrigation system
provided farming enough surplus for
the community.
Ever-growing populations came
together in broad river valley
system.
4. AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY
Those who controlled access to
arable land and its use became rich
and powerful since they could
demand the payment of taxes and
political support.

4. AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY
By taxing the bulk of agriculture
surplus, the political leaders
could make bureaucracies
implement their plans and
armies to protect their
privileges.
Social classes became
entrenched, and the state
evolved.
Religiosity emerges.
5. INDUSTRIAL SOCIETIES
The production of goods using
advanced sources of energy to
drive large machinery.
Water power and then steam
boilers to operate mills and
factories filled with large machines.
Weakening of close working
relationships, strong family ties,
and many of the traditional values,
beliefs and customs.
It is characterized by more
than just the use of
mechanical means of
production.
It constitutes an entirely new
form of society that requires
an immense, mobile diversity
specialized, high skilled, and
well-coordinated labor force.
Creates a highly organized
systems of exchange between
suppliers of raw materials and
industrial manufacturers.
Industrial societies are
divided along class lines.
Industrialism brought about a
tremendous shift of
populations.
Kinship plays a smaller role in
patterning public affairs
Industrial societies are highly
secularized.
The predominant form of
social and political
organization in industrial
societies is the bureaucracy.
6. POST-INDUSTRIAL SOCIETIES
Transfer of labor workforce
from manufacturing to service.
A significant increase in the
number of professional and
technical employment and a
decline in the number of
skilled and semiskilled
workers.

Education as the basis of
social mobility.
Human capital
Application of “intellectual
technology”.
Focus on communication
infrastructure
Knowledge as source of
invention and innovation.
Depends on the specialized
knowledge to bring about
continuing progress in
technology.
It is characterized by the
spread of computer industries.
Knowledge and information
are the hallmarks of perfect
world
It resulted in the
homogenization of social
relations among individuals
and the interaction between
humans and the natural world.

POLITICAL EVOLUTION
AND THE
DEVELOPMENT OF
EARLY CIVILIZATION
(the awakening of
great leaders and
B. POLITICAL EVOLUTION
 Political evolution is thus a dimension of the larger
process of biological evolution. The emergence of
political systems, which long predates the evolution of
humankind, constitutes a set of adaptive strategies
with significant evolutionary consequences.
It is the changes on the political structures and
systems of a particular society as evolutionary
consequences happens to humanity.

B. POLITICAL EVOLUTION
The intellectual changes of laws through the
intellectual advancement of human nature.

CIVILIZATION
Came from the Latin word civilis, meaning civil,
related to the Latin civis, which means citizen, and
civitas, meaning city or city-state.
Refers to the material and instrumental side of
human culture that are complex in terms of
technology, science and division of labor.

CHARACTERISTIC OF CIVILIZATION
Developed and highly advanced cities
Well-defined city centers
Complex and systematic institutions
Organized and centralized system of government
Formalized and complex form of religion
Job specialization
Development of Social classes

CHARACTERISTIC OF CIVILIZATION
Implementation of large-scale public works and
infrastructures
Sophisticated and detailed work of arts and
architecture
Advance technology
System of writing and recording

FOUR MAJOR CIVILIZATION OF THE WORLD
Mesopotamian Civilization- Iraq
Indus Valley Civilization- India
Shang Civilization- China
Egyptian Civilization- Egypt

POLITICAL ATTRIBUTES OF EARLY
CIVILIZATION LEADERS
Craft laws Implement laws
Impose justice and punishment Collect taxes
Sometimes act as religious leaders as well
 Social and Political Systems

POLITICAL STRUCTURES OF EARLY
CIVILIZATION
Sumeri
an E.A.Narciso, Social Science
CIVILIZATION
Egypti
an
CIVILIZATION
Bhrami
CIVILIZATION
Empero
END OF LESSON 3:
THANK YOU AND GOD

BLESS!!!

UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY and POLITICS 3

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY and POLITICS 3

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY and POLITICS 3

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

UNDERSTANDING

E.A.Narciso, Social Science

E.A.Narciso, Social Science

E.A.Narciso, Social Science

E.A.Narciso, Social Science

E.A.Narciso, Social Science

E.A.Narciso, Social Science

E.A.Narciso, Social Science

E.A.Narciso, Social Science

E.A.Narciso, Social Science

E.A.Narciso, Social Science

E.A.Narciso, Social Science

E.A.Narciso, Social Science

E.A.Narciso, Social Science

E.A.Narciso, Social Science

E.A.Narciso, Social Science

Existed 4.4/5 to 6 million years ago, and they lived in

EA.Narciso, Social Science

About 3 ½ feet tall and ate mostly fruits & nuts.

EA.Narciso, Social Science

EA.Narciso, Social Science

EA.Narciso, Social Science

EA.Narciso, Social Science

EA.Narciso, Social Science

EA.Narciso, Social Science

Homo are classified as humans and not humanlike

EA.Narciso, Social Science

E.A.Narciso, Social Science

E.A.Narciso, Social Science

E.A.Narciso, Social Science

E.A.Narciso, Social Science

E.A.Narciso, Social Science

E.A.Narciso, Social Science

E.A.Narciso, Social Science

E.A.Narciso, Social Science

E.A.Narciso, Social Science

E.A.Narciso, Social Science

E.A.Narciso, Social Science

E.A.Narciso, Social Science

E.A.Narciso, Social Science

E.A.Narciso, Social Science

E.A.Narciso, Social Science

E.A.Narciso, Social Science

E.A.Narciso, Social Science

E.A.Narciso, Social Science

E.A.Narciso, Social Science

E.A.Narciso, Social Science

E.A.Narciso, Social Science

E.A.Narciso, Social Science

E.A.Narciso, Social Science

E.A.Narciso, Social Science

E.A.Narciso, Social Science

E.A.Narciso, Social Science

E.A.Narciso, Social Science

E.A.Narciso, Social Science

E.A.Narciso, Social Science

THANK YOU AND GOD

E.A.Narciso, Social Science

You might also like