Solid State Physics For Illumination Engineering II: Prof. Shavkat Yuldashev
Solid State Physics For Illumination Engineering II: Prof. Shavkat Yuldashev
Solid State Physics For Illumination Engineering II: Prof. Shavkat Yuldashev
Lecture I
(1)
with the wave vector The wave vector is parallel to the electron momentum
(2)
with
In general, electron wave functions need to satisfy the Schrodinger equation
(3)
where the potential represents the periodic semiconductor crystal. This equation is often written
as
(4)
with H called the Hamiltonian. The Schrodinger equation is for just one electron; all other electrons
and atomic nuclei are included in the potential . For the free electron, = 0 and the solution
to the Schrodinger equation is of the simple form given by Eq. (1.1).
The boundary conditions are n(0) = 0; n (L) = 0, as imposed by the infinite potential energy
barriers. They are satisfied if the wavefunction is sinelike with an integral number n of half-
wavelengths between 0 and L:
(5)
1.1
The Fermi energy εF is defined as the energy of the topmost filled level in the ground
state of the N electron system. By (1.6) with n = nF we have in one dimension:
(7)
The Fermi – Dirac distribution gives the probability that the orbital at energy ε will be
occupied in an ideal electron gas in thermal equilibrium:
(8)
The quantity µ is the chemical potential, and we see that at absolute zero temperature the
chemical potential is equal to the Fermi energy, defined as the energy of the topmost filled
orbital at absolute zero.
The kinetic energy of the electron gas increases as the temperature is increased: some energy
levels are occupied which were vacant at absolute zero, and some levels are vacant which were
occupied at absolute zero temperature.
(9)
(10)
(11)
(12)
== (13)
The energy
(1.14)
We see that there is one allowed wavevector – that is, one distinct triplet of quantum
numbers kx , ky , kz - for the volume element (2π/L) 3 of k space.
(15)
where the factor 2 on the left comes from the two allowed values of ms , the spin quantum number,
(16)
Using (1.14)
(17)
(19)
(20)
(21)
If N is the total number of electrons, only a fraction of the order of T / T F can be excited
thermally at temperature T, because only these lie within an energy range of the order of kBT
of the top of the energy distribution (Fig.5).
(22)
(23)
It is good approximation to evaluate the density of states D (ε) at εF and take it outside of the integral:
Solution:
Solution:
Solution:
Solution:
Solution:
Thus
Solution:
Solution:
Solution:
Solution:
Solution: