Critical State Soil Mechnics - Part2

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CRITICAL STATE SOIL

MECHANICS _PART 2
By T Ilyas with reference of CSSM by Scofield and
wroth
References
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 Scofield A and Wroth, Critical state soil mechanics,

Cambridge University press
 Muni Budhu, Soil Mechanics and Foundation, 3rd ed,
2012
Critical soil state soil mechanics
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 Further understanding of the mechanical behaviour of soil

 We have tried to achieve this by means of various simple
mechanical models that represent (with varying degrees of
accuracy) the laboratory behaviour of remoulded soils.
 we have felt it necessary to emphasize certain aspects of
continuum mechanics related to stress and strain
 we develop two models for the yielding of soil as isotropic
plastic materials…… Granta-gravel and Cam-clay
 to testing the relevance of the two models, and to
suggesting criteria based on the critical state concept for
choice of strength parameters in design problems.
The Critical State Concept
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The constants M, Γ, and λ represent basic soil-material properties, and the parameters q,
v, and p are defined in due course.
The Unconfined Compression Strength
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A simple prediction of the ultimate effective stresses can be made by introducing the initial
specific volume v0 into the equations for the critical state line
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If we adopt numerical values for Weald clay of M=0.95 and A= 0.628 this
gives
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Interpretation of data from axial tests on saturated clays
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Data Processing and Presentation

Interpretation of data from axial tests on saturated clays
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Interpretation of Data on the Plots of v versus ln p

One assumption of the Cam-clay model is that recoverable compression and
swelling should be governed by one constant κ and take the form given
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Fig. 7.3 Isotropic Consolidation and Swelling

Curves for London Clay (After Henkel)
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Fig. 7.4 Critical State Line Separating

Differences in Behaviour of Specimens
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Fig. 7.5 Data of Tests on Remoulded London

Clay at failure (After Parry)
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Interpretation of Test Data in (p, v, q) Space
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The prediction of the Cam-clay model is fully projected in Fig. 7.9

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Interpretation of Shear Strain Data
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Fig. 7.13 Predicted Strain Curves for Undrained Axial Compression Test of Fig. 7.12
Interpretation of Shear Strain Data
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Interpretation of Pore-pressure Changes
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The ultimate pore-pressure if the critical state ( pu = M pu qu ) were reached would

be
Fig. 7.26 Development of Pore-pressure during Undrained Compression Test on Overcompressed Specimen
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Coulomb failure criterion
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Hvorslev’s Experiments on the Strength of Clay at Failure
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Conclusion
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• Estimate failure stresses for soil.

• Estimate strains at failure.
• Understand the relationship among soil parameters.
• Estimate whether drained or undrained condition would be critical
for practical problems.
• Estimate whether a soil will show a peak shear stress or not.
• Predict stress–strain characteristics of soils from a few parameters
obtained from simple soil tests.
• Evaluate possible soil stress states and failure if the loading on a
geotechnical system were to change.
EXAMPLE 11.1 Calculation of λ and k from One-
Dimensional Consolidation Test Results
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The results of one-dimensional consolidation tests on a clay are Cc = 0.69 and Cr = 0.16.
Calculate λ and k.
where po’ is the initial mean effective stress or overburden mean pressure and pc’ is the
preconsolidation mean effective stress or, simply, preconsolidation stress.
Prediction of the Behavior of Normally Consolidated and Lightly
Overconsolidated Soils Under Drained Condition
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FIGURE 11.1 Mapping of strength

and consolidation parameters.
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Prediction of the Behavior of Normally Consolidated and Lightly
Overconsolidated Soils Under Drained Condition
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Let us summarize the key elements so far about our model.
1. During isotropic consolidation, the stress state must lie on the mean effective stress axis in
(p’, q) space and also on the NCL in (p’, e) space.
2. All stress states on an ESP within and on the yield surface must lie on the
unloading/reloading line through the current preconsolidation mean effective stress. For
example, any point on the semiellipse, AEG, in Figure 11.4a has a corresponding point on the
unloading/reloading line, O9G. Similarly, any point on the ESP from, say, E will also lie on the
unloading/reloading line O9G. In reality, we are projecting the mean effective stress component
of the stress state onto the unloading/reloading line.
3. All stress states on the unloading/reloading line result in elastic response.
4. Consolidation (e.g., stress paths along the p’ axis) cannot lead to soil failure. Soils fail by the
application of shearing stresses following ESP with slopes greater than the slope of the CSL for
compression.
5. Any stress state on an ESP directed outward from the current yield surface causes further
yielding. The yield surface expands.
6. Unloading from any expanded yield surface produces elastic response.
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Let us summarize the key elements so far about our model.
7. Once yielding is initiated, the stress–stain curve becomes nonlinear, with an elastic strain
component and a plastic strain component.
8. The critical state line intersects each yield surface at its crest. The corresponding mean
effective stress is one-half the mean effective stress of the major axis of the ellipse
representing the yield surface.
9. Failure occurs when the ESP intersects the CSL and the change in volume is zero.
10. The soil must yield before it fails.
11. Each point on one of the plots in Figure 11.4 has a corresponding point on another plot.
Thus, each point on any plot can be obtained by projection, as illustrated in Figure 11.4. Of
course, the scale of the axis on one plot must match the scale of the corresponding axis on the
other plot. For example, point F on the failure line, AS, in ( p9, q) space must have a
corresponding point F on the failure line in (p9, e) space.
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Fig.11.5 Illustrative predicted results from a CD
triaxial text on a normally consolidated soil (Ro
= 1) using CSM.
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Let us summarize the key elements for undrained loading of heavily overconsolidated soils
from our model.
1. Under undrained loading, the total volume remains constant. This is represented in (p9, e)
space by a horizontal line from the initial mean effective stress to the failure line.
2. The portion of the ESP in (p9, q) space that lies within the initial yield surface is represented
by a vertical line from the initial mean effective stress to the initial yield surface. The soil
behaves elastically, and the change in mean effective stress is zero.
3. After initial yield, the soil may strain-soften (the initial yield surface contracts) or may strain-
harden (the initial yield surface expands) to the critical state.
4. During elastic deformation under drained condition, the soil volume decreases (contracts),
and after initial yield the soil volume increases (expands) to the critical state and does not
change volume thereafter.
5. During elastic deformation under undrained condition, the soil develops positive excess
porewater pressures, and after initial yield the soil develops negative excess porewater
pressures up to the critical state. Thereafter, the excess porewater pressure remains constant.
6. The response of the soil under undrained condition is independent of the total stress path.
Prediction of the Behavior of Normally Consolidated
and Lightly Overconsolidated Soils Under Undrained
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Condition
Normally consolidated
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Prediction of the Behavior of Heavily Overconsolidated
Soils Under Drained and Undrained Condition
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Prediction of the Behavior of Coarse-Grained Soils
Using CSM
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Effects of Effective and Total Stress Paths
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Element of CSM
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Failure Line in (p’, e) Space
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Drained test
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In general, if the slope ESP = n0

Undrained triaxial test
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Summary
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1. Under undrained loading, also called constant-volume loading, the total volume remains
constant. This is represented in (p9, e) space by a horizontal line from the initial mean
effective stress to the failure line.
2. The portion of the ESP in (p9, q) space that lies within the initial yield surface is represented
by a vertical line from the initial mean effective stress to the initial yield surface. The soil
behaves elastically, and the change in mean effective stress is zero.
3. Normally consolidated soils do not show an initial elastic response. They yield as soon as
the loading is applied.
4. Loading beyond initial yield causes the soil to behave as a strain-hardening elastoplastic
material. The initial yield surface expands.
5. The difference in mean total and mean effective stress at any stage of loading gives the
excess porewater pressure at that stage of loading.
6. The response of soils under undrained condition is independent of the total stress path.
The total stress path is only important in fi nding the total excess porewater pressure

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What are the two models developed for the yielding of soil as isotropic plastic materials?

What are the parameters M, Γ, and λ that represent in the Critical State Concept?

1

CRITICAL STATE SOIL

 Scofield A and Wroth, Critical state soil mechanics,

 Further understanding of the mechanical behaviour of soil

Data Processing and Presentation

Interpretation of Data on the Plots of v versus ln p

Fig. 7.3 Isotropic Consolidation and Swelling

Fig. 7.4 Critical State Line Separating

Fig. 7.5 Data of Tests on Remoulded London

The prediction of the Cam-clay model is fully projected in Fig. 7.9

The ultimate pore-pressure if the critical state ( pu = M pu qu ) were reached would

• Estimate failure stresses for soil.

FIGURE 11.1 Mapping of strength

In general, if the slope ESP = n0

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